Shakespeare’s Frankenstein or History’s Victim free essay sample

Richard’s first line in the play is, â€Å"I am determined to prove a villain† (Act 1, scene 1) shows Shakespeare’s intent to put Richard III in a negative light. â€Å"If asked of an average person to describe King Richard III, most would probably come up with a picture straight out of Shakespeare† (RichardIII. com) . Paul Murray Kendall wrote, ‘While the Tudor chroniclers made up the minds of subsequent historians about Richard III, Shakespeare has made up the imagination of everybody else† (Richard III. com). Richard III is portrayed as a deformed hunchback who ruthlessly lies, murders, and manipulates his way to throne. So the question is was Richard III a monster or was this a ploy by Shakespeare to kiss up to the higher elites such as Queen Elizabeth I, who was a Tudor and the granddaughter of Richards replacement, King Henry VII. The Real Richard III Richard was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire (Wikipedia). We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s Frankenstein or History’s Victim or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His father was Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York and his mother Cecily Neville. Richard had a claim to the English throne through both parents (Kendall p. g. 15). In the play Shakespeare never mentioned this part of Richard’s III life. According to BBC. com, Richards’s father conflict with Henry VI was a major cause of the Wars of the Roses, which dominated Richards early life. His father and older brother died at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460. In 1461, Richards brother, Edward, became Edward IV and granted him duke of Gloucester (bbc. com). In 1470, Edward and Richard were exiled when Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne. The following year, they returned to England and Richard contributed to the Yorkist victories at Barnet and Tewkesbury which restored Edward to the throne (bbc. com). Richard was named as protector of the realm for Edwards son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V (bbc. com). As the new king travelled to London from Ludlow, Richard met him and escorted him to London, where he was lodged in the Tower. One can only wonder how Shakespeare came by this monstrous characterization. Living in the reign of Elizabeth I, he probably had no choice but to describe him that way. The Tudors, who destroyed the House of York at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, did not want the last Yorkist king to have a sympathetic image, hence the desire to bend the truth. (Wood p. g. 245). Shakespeare probably took what he was given and asked no questions. Richard was not extremely handsome by any standards, but he was definitely not deformed – he was an able warrior (which Shakespeare does give him credit for in the play). His reign as king was short, only because he lacked leadership not because he was caught in a tangled web of evil plots that Shakespeare assigns to him. Shakespeare’s Richard III Now here is Shakespeare’s version of Richard III that everyone seems to associate with more. In the play version of Richard III, he is deemed a sociopath that lacks empathy based upon emotions with his victims. Although he has linguistic abilities, he lacks complete understanding, and capacity to appreciate moral rules responding to his choice of actions. This kind of person is not deemed a criminal, as his offenses are usually significant and are rather considered to be morally and socially wrong. This made up version of Richard III is one who can get away with illegal or socially objectionable behavior in his own interest. This sums up Shakespeare’s Richard III character in the play and his constant manipulation of those around him. Shakespeare really goes out of his way to breathe graphic and poisonous life into this villainous almost satanic creation. At the start of the play Shakespeare has Richard explain his deformity to the audience, he believes that his deformity was a curse by God and there for makes him inherently evil. Richard is the dominant character of the play; he is both the main character of the story and its main villain. Richard III is an intense exploration of the psychology of evil, and that exploration is centered on Richard’s mind (sparknotes. com). But despite his open allegiance to evil, he is such a charismatic and fascinating figure that, for much of the play, we are likely to sympathize with him, or at least to be impressed with him (spark notes). In this way, our relationship with Richard mimics the other characters ‘relationships with him, conveying a powerful sense of the force of his personality (Spark notes). In the beginning of the play Richard shows no shame in revealing his true intentions to the audience: â€Å"Since I cannot prove a lover, to entertain these fair well-spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain and hate the idle pleasures of these days† (Act 1. Scene 1). Richard has a serious â€Å"Lack of Remorse† for those around him; for instance In Act I, Scene II, Richard convinces Lady Anne to be his Duchess at her dead husbands funeral. He turns up at the funeral to tell her that he murdered the one she loved out of passion. Naturally Anne curses Richard for his vile deed upon first seeing him along the funeral route. But because of Richards amazing linguistic skills she ends up submissive as he defends himself from all her accusations under the circumstances of a crime only committed for the sake of love. Anne is blown away by Richards willingness and accepts his offer, maybe out of fear. After Anne leaves Richard brags of his success, Was ever a woman in this humor wood? Was ever a woman in this human won(Act I, scene II). He goes on with his wrong doings as he zeros in on his next victim. Hastings who was helping Richard gain control of the throne becomes that next victim. Lord Hastings enjoyed sitting back and watching the death of enemies, but at the same time not knowingly misjudging his own position in Richards plans. He failed to heed the warning from his friend from Stanley â€Å"Three times today my foot-cloth horse did stumble, and started when he looked upon the tower, as loath to bear me to the slaughterhouse(Act I, Scene III). Not too long afterwards Hastings found himself getting sent off to the tower by Richard to be put to death. Even though these two agreed to help each other get what they want, Richard’s lack of remorse didn’t stop him from betraying Hastings. By modern day standards, sociopaths such as Richard do not see others around them as people, but only as targets and opportunities. Instead of friends, they have victims and accomplices who end up as victims. The end always justifies the means and they let nothing stand in their way (factnet. org). The play Richard III is often and mistakenly considered historical context by those who have only come in contact with Shakespeare’s rendition. What we must all understand is that this play was Elizabethan propaganda. This is why Richard III, the only alternative to Tudor rule is shown to have broken practically every social and moral law that society holds in high regards.

buy custom The Emergence of Modernism essay

buy custom The Emergence of Modernism essay Emergence is the beginning of something new, while modernism is a periodical change in time; in this case, writers and artists broke tradition and found new ways of experiencing and displaying art and literature. This paper discusses at least three motivating factors that led Latin American artists and writers in the emergence of new literary and artistic styles. Literature is a form of art in whereby the artists express themselves using form and color purely to communicate with the audience. Art is a form of self-expression of writers and artists. European Romanticism was one of the motivating and influential factors that steered the writers into the emergence of new literary and artistic styles at the end of the twentieth century. This referred to various artistic, intellectual and social trends of that era. This artistic, literary and intellectual movement strengthened during the industrial revolution at the end of the century, because it opposed aristocratic norms of age and stirred positive reaction to the scientific realizatio of the nature. Therefore, Romanticism strongly embodied in arts and literature, makes a significant and new impact on the literary and artistic styles used by the writers. The Romanticism era influences a new literary genre that Latin American writers still mimic presently, short stories, novels and poems replaced sermons and manifestos. The New Romantic literature personified and showed intense emotion that never before existed in neoclassical literature (North 63). The emergence of a genre of art, known as Magical Realism, motivated writers more; hence, they formed and expressed their ideas in the new literary and artistic styles, creating something different. Writers got inspired to use this genre because it does not depend on nature or physical laws, but instead uses the same to disrupt reality in creating disproportionate views. This realism genre influenced the writers in that, after the war, America was in need of literature that would explain what had happened to the society. Therefore, "American writers used this to turn to modernism" (Kidwell and Alan 299). This new literary style was unbiasedly and accurately applied in bringing out the events after the war and getting solutions to the suffering of people exposed to war. This realistic movement saw authors depicting what life is and its problems accurately (Kidwell and Alan 29). Marxist criticisms, especially those derived from his theories, not only affected the writers, but also motivated them into coming up with new literary and artistic styles that emphasized the cultural and political context of text production (Tenenbaum 52). His theories had a strong effect on both political and economic thought in the world, hence, writers sought new literary and artistic styles to in need to emphasize how vital it was to struggle for a change and class through conflict. In conclusion, Modernism has its roots in the twentieth century, but still flourishes with time, as writers and artists seek a break in tradition and a new form of representation of experience, hence, the emergence of new literary and artistic styles in their work. Buy custom The Emergence of Modernism essay

How Many Recommendation Letters For College Do I Need

How Many Recommendation Letters For College Do I Need SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Colleges ask for all different numbers of recommendation letters. Each college sets its own policy, so it's always a good idea to double check each school on your list to make sure you understand exactly what it wants. Typically, colleges want you to send a recommendation letter from your counselor. Additionally, they may ask for one, two, or, in rare cases, three letters from your teachers. This guide will go over the different guidelinesso you know how many recommendationsto collectwhen applying to colleges. First, let’s go overthe different options. How Many Recommendation Letters Do Schools Require? You might need anywhere from zero to four letters of recommendations. As mentioned above, the majority of colleges want to see at least an evaluation from your school counselor. On top of this, many colleges, especially those selecting on the basis of academic merit, seek one or two teacher recommendations. Few colleges want to see three; usually, you’ll only need three recs if you’re applying to military school. To find information on your specific colleges of interest, you can look on their admissions websites. If you’re using the Common Application, then your app should also be customized to each school and its expectations. While this guide doesn’t cover every single college in the US (there are thousands!), it will go over some popular schools and their recommendation letter requirements. Let’s start with schools that have minimum requirements and work our way up to the schools with the most. You're off the hook for recommendation letters at these schools. Popular Schools with No Recommendation Requirement There are some schools, including competitive ones, that don’t require any recommendation letters at all. Some of these may have a general â€Å"no rec letter† policy, but still advise you to check with your particular department or program. Others may ask you to send a recommendation letter later in the year. Some of you reading this might breathe a sigh of relief, while others may want to send a rec letter and be disappointed. If you fall into the latter group, should you send your letter(s) anyway? Again, it’s always a good idea to check your school’s website for information or call its admissions office directly for its advice. Some schools will read your letters if you want to send them, while others arerather adamant about not sending any. Here are a few schools that, generally speaking, don’t require recommendation letters: Penn State University (unless specified by a program) University of California schools University of Minnesota University of Texas University of Washington Now for the schools that require one letter of recommendation - but only from your counselor. If you're applying to any of the schools below, then a trip to your guidance department is in order. Popular Schools that Require One Counselor Recommendationand No TeacherRecommendations These schools just want to see an evaluationfrom your school counselor. As you can see, most of these schools are open to you sending a teacher evaluation if you think it will be helpful to your application. College of William and Mary (teacher recommendationis optional) Georgia Institute of Technology (teacher evaluation is recommended, but not required) James Madison University (teacher recommendation is optional) University of Richmond If you do decide to send a teacher rec when it’s not required, make sure it’s a strong, substantial letter that you feel will truly help your candidacy. A common requirement of many four year colleges is one counselor recommendation and one teacher recommendation. These next schools want you to send two letters of recommendation, as indicated by the diesmbodied floating hand. Popular Schools that Require One Counselor and One Teacher Recommendation These schools want to seeoneletter each from your school counselor and a teacher. University of Delaware (one required, suggests that most applicants submit more than one letter) Georgia Tech Mills College NYU University of Maryland University of Massachusetts University of Virginia Wake Forest University More selectivecolleges tend to require a counselor letter of rec and two teacher letters of recommendation. Check out of some popular schools with this requirement below. If you're applying to any of the schools below, hopefully you have three smiling educators ready to write amazing things about you! Popular Schools that Require One Counselor and Two Teacher Recommendations Since these schools are particularly selective for academic ability, it makes sense that they want to hear about you and your work as a student from two different teachers. Amherst College Duke University Sarah Lawrence College Barnard College Emory University Scripps College Bates College Harvard University Skidmore College Boston College Harvey Mudd College Smith College Bowdoin College Haverford College Stanford University Brown University Johns Hopkins University Swarthmore College Bryn Mawr College Juilliard School Syracuse University California Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trinity College Case Western Reserve University Middlebury College United State Coast Guard Academy Colby College Mount Holyoke College University of Chicago Colgate University New England Conservatory of Music University of Pennsylvania Colorado College Oberlin College Vanderbilt University Columbia University Occidental College Washington and Lee University Connecticut College Pitzer College Wellesley College Cornell University Pomona College Wheaton College** Dartmouth College* Princeton University Williams College Davidson College* Reed College Yale University *Dartmouth and Davidson additionally require a peer recommendation with the two teacher recommendations.**Wheaton requires one teacher rec and one pastoral rec Up until this point, you either had no choice in your recommender (as with your counselor) or could just choose one teacher. But as for the schools that require two letters, do they have any requirements about who exactly you ask to recommend you? Guidelines for Your TwoTeacher Recommendations In terms of who you ask, colleges typically ask you to provide a range of perspectives, like one letter from a science or math teacher and one from a humanities or social studies teacher (this includes technical schools like MIT and CalTech). The other common policy is that the school leaves the choice up to you. In pretty much any case, you should ask two teachers from core courses. If you’re applying to an art or performance school, like Juilliard or the New England Conservatory of Music, then one of your letters should be an artistic recommendation from a private studio teacher, conductor, coach, or artistic mentor. As you saw above, a select few schools, like Dartmouth, Davidson, and Wheaton, get specific about additional peer or pastoral recommendations, but these are definitely exceptions. Now that you have a sense of the colleges that want two teacher recommendations, take a look at the few that want three (FYI,they’re all military schools). Military Schools that Require One Counselor and Three Teacher Recommendations These schools also require a nomination from a Congressperson, which essentially counts as another recommendation, bringing the number required up to five! US Air Force Academy US Navy Academy (math, English teachers and Blue Gold officer) US Merchant Marine Academy US Military Academy (West Point) Above, we briefly touched on whether or not you should send a letter even if your school doesn’t require it. On a similar note, should you ever send an extra letter? Extra! Extra! Read all about me! Can You Send Extra Recommendation Letters? Logistically, you should be able to send an extra recommendation letter via mail or assigning an additional recommender on your school application or Common Application. Many schools allow this option, but you should be cautious and make sure you understand your school's opinion about sending extra material. Each school has its own stance on supplemental letters. If your school allows it, you want to make sure an extra letter adds something substantial to your application and comes from an authoritative source, like a community supervisoror spiritual leader with whom you've worked closely. Another circumstance in which an extra letter could be a good idea is if you attend a huge high school and haven't gotten to know your teachers or counselor very well. Again, make sure to learn about your school's policy. You don't want to play into the old admissions saying, "The thicker the file, the thicker the kid." Admissions officers usually don't look fondly on too much extra material. Rather than helping your application, excessive supplemental could just end up raising red flags about the strength of your candidacy. While researching your colleges' requirements is a critical first step in planning your recommendation letters, there are several other factors that require your attention. Read on for more on gathering recommendation letters, along withthe resources that canhelp you through the process. Tell me more. What Else Do You Need to Know About Recommendation Letters? Before you invite your recommenders to submit their letters online, you should be thoughtful about who you ask and howyou make your requests. Make sure to ask teachers of core subjects who know you well and give them all the necessary information at least a month in advance, if not in the spring of junior year. To get your best letter, part of this information should be a detailed resume and "brag sheet." Plus you can make appointments with your teachers and counselor to talk about your goals and what you'd like them to include in your letter. Finally, make sure you understand your rights surrounding your rec letters and how to approach the FERPA question on your application. Then you can invite your recommenders and know that you did everything you could to get the best letters for your college application. The rest is up to them, except for that final step in the process - sending thank you cards for all their help! What's Next? Now that you have access to guides on everything you need to know about rec letters, check out this complete guide that takes you through the steps of applying to college. This guide includes everything you need to know about the appplication process. If you're just starting to research colleges, check out this article on how to choose a college and all the questions to ask yourself when planning for your future! Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Early Childhood Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Early Childhood Studies - Essay Example This paper stresses that the process of children with special needs is tied with the Reformation of Europe which saw the promotion of childhood as a unique state in a person’s life where s/he has to be segregated and taught things that will be beneficial to him or her in life. The Industrial Revolution did not come up with any rules and regulations that directly affect or influence children with learning disabilities. Thiis report makes a conclusion that the main framework of relevant laws today have its roots in the Education Act 1944 which sought to promote children with special needs’ requirements and their identification. Also, the institution of laws and regulations relating to the identification of children with special needs and helping them got a major boost with the Warnock Report which came up in 1978 and was implemented in the Education Act of 1981. These rules created a framework that supported the medical and physical assessment of children with special needs in order to keep them in special schools. These assessments were regulated and they were given various yardsticks and guidelines. The author approves that these rules were later modified by the Labour Government and this was complemented by the Human Rights Act 1998, which allowed the UK to create rules and regulations that relating to children with special needs that was in sync with the existing regulations. The SEN And Disability Act of 2001 was complemented by the 2004 SEN Strategy that was meant to remove barriers towards achievement and enhance investments into various charitable organisations that were focused on persons with disabilities.

Family Related Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family Related Issues - Assignment Example Department of Labor, 2010). Logically, if a loco parentis is a suitably related person to the employee to qualify for care under the FMLA, then a biological father, regardless of the quality or quantity of his parenting, qualifies. Legally, the law designates â€Å"biological† parent, but that brings up an interesting dilemma: what about a biological parent who gave up his/her child for adoption? In recent years, many adopted children have found their biological parents, or vice versa. Does the parent who relinquished his/her rights as the child’s parent qualify as a parent under the FMLA? Taking the law literally, s/he does because s/he is the biological parent. However, a judge may not interpret the spirit of the law in that way. The caveat for such tenuous relationships between employee and parent is the fact that the employee must document his/her relationship with the parent before taking family leave. In the same paragraph of the FMLA that defines the relationship s eligible for family leave, section j, titled â€Å"Documenting relationships,† it says, â€Å"For purposes of confirmation of family relationship, the employer may require the employee giving notice of the need for leave to provide reasonable documentation or statement of family relationship. This documentation may take the form of a simple statement from the employee, or a child's birth certificate, a court document,  etc.  The employer is entitled to examine documentation such as a birth certificate,  etc.† (U.S. Department of Labor, 2010). It seems as if the employer could demand some sort of unrealistic documentation of the eligibility of parent or employee to qualify for the family leave especially if time was an issue (i.e., the parent was dying), so if an employer wanted to prevent an employee from taking family leave, s/he could be in compliance with the law, but just unreasonable about the proof of the right to do so. That would probably discourage mos t employees from attempting to take family leave. 2. Explain whether the size of the business can have any effect on whether Tony is eligible for family leave under the FMLA.   The size of a business does matter. In the video, â€Å"Family Related Issues: Family and Medical Leave Act,† in response to Tony, the employee’s verbal request for leave, Herman, the boss, replies, â€Å"That's out of the question. This is a small business. Everyone is crucial.†Ã‚  Tony answers, â€Å"Small? You've got more than fifty employees, if you count everyone.† Herman counters with â€Å"Not full-time employees.† In Herman’s mind allowing Tony three weeks for family leave would cause him to lose money. He has just praised Tony for being the top salesman (Family and Medical Leave Act, 2004). However, Herman is wrong. Not all employers are required by federal law to allow family leave, but those with 50 or more employees are. Paragraph 825.105 of the FMLA giv es a lengthy description of how an employer, by virtue of the number of employees s/he employs, must comply with the federal law. Some of the more obvious characteristics that make an employer obliged to comply is the location of his/her business. That is, it must be within the United States or

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER: Green polymer chemistry: lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as renewable monomer. JOURNAL: Polymer Journal (2014) 46, 2–13 INTRODUCTION SUMMARY This paper is about the lipase catalysed synthesis of reactive polyester. In this synthesis lipase used as natural catalyst. The synthesis of reactive polyester was done by ring opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) reaction with dehydration. Cyclic anhydride and diol were used. Itaconic anhydride (IAn) is renewable biomass material so it was ideal monomer for synthesis of reactive polyester. IAn is five membered cyclic anhydride. ROACP did not possible between IAn and diol so the monomer succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride (GAn) were used with IAn and diol. The diol used were 1, 4-butanediol (BD), 1, 6-hexanediol (HD), 1, 8-octanediol (OD) and 1, 10-decanediol (DD). ROACP reaction of IAn with the diols in the ratios of IAn: diol with lipase as a catalyst in presence of molecular sieves were studied at 25 ºC in toluene for 120h. From the GPC analysis it is observed that all the reaction remained inhomogenous during the reaction and gave only low-molecular weight product with Mn between 150 and 390. The NMR result show that starting IAn completely consumed in ring opening reaction so IAn alone does not show RCACP so the addition of other component or changing reaction condition necessary. For these regioselectivity and substrate selectivity examination of IAn done by using model reaction of IAn and n-octyl alcohol. For regioselectivity observation ROA reaction was performed with Novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25 ºC with stirring. The ÃŽ ²-selectivity value without lipase was 90% and with lipase catalysis was 49%. It was because the ÃŽ ²-carbonyl group is sterically more favourable than ÃŽ ±-carbonyl group group adjacent to the vinylidene group so it confirmed that reaction catalysed by lipase. In ROACP reaction first ring opening addition (ROA) reaction between cyclic anhydride and diol and after that dehydration condensation reaction between alcohol group and carboxylic acid group occur. Out of four d iol OD gives good result in terms of yield, molecular weight and number of unit per molecule. ROACP using IAn, SAn or GAn and diol produced polyester in good yield. From the SAn polyester with Mn value of 650-3510 with 1.3-2.6 units per molecule were obtained and from GAn these value were 560-3690 and 1.2-3.1 respectively. The polymer synthesized have application as macromonomer, telechelic or crosslinking reagent. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY The review of this manuscript and presentation of perspectives has been conducted based on an extensive survey of the manuscripts describing similar or related research. Renewable biobased polymeric materials: facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly(L-lactic acid) grafts (Okuda et.al, 2012) Biobased material are environmental friendly so these material now a days used mostly for synthesis organic compound. Current paper used itaconic anhydride (IAn) and lactic acid (LA) as a renewable starting material for synthesis of biobased polymeric material of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer. Synthesis of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was done by two way; ring-opening polymerization of lactide with a variety of metal or nonmetal catalysts and direct polycondensation of lactic acid (LA) with acid catalysts. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer were synthesized by two way macromonomer approach and copolymer approach. First the using IAn the methacryloyl-type polymerizable PLA macromonomer (IAn-PLA Macro) were formed and then its copolymerization with n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) or ethyl methacrylate (EMA) to give graft copolymer with molecular weight Mn up to 1.61Ãâ€"105and biomass content more than 34wt%. When copolymer appr oached employing IAn as comonomer for radical polymerization with BMA used then IAn-BMA copolymer with Mn 5.76Ãâ€"104 obtained. These two approaches are used for synthesis of PLA-graft copolymer as â€Å"biomass plastic† having various application. 2).Enzymatic Polymerization: A New Method of Polymer Synthesis (kobayashi 1999) Enzymatic polymerization refers to polymerization using an isolated enzyme outside the biological system through non-biosynthetic pathways. The present article gives idea about development of enzymatic polymerization technique. Hydrolases and oxidoreductase types of enzyme were used for polymerization. By using these enzymatic polymerization method various material synthesized including polysaccharide like chitin, cellulose, xylan and amylose and un-natural polysaccharide by glycosidase through various monomer. Oxidoreductase initiated vinyl polymerization. The polymerizability was depend on ring size, opposing to chemical catalysis where ring strain is operative. Enzymatic polymerization has advantages of high selectivity, ability to operate under mild condition, catalyst recyclability, and biocompatibility. 3. Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyesters by lipase catalyst. (Suda et al., 1999) Lipase is natural catalyst used for synthesis of polyester .In the present paper aliphatic polyester was synthesized by dehydration polycondensation in water by using lipase as catalyst. Polymerization was carried out at 45 °C for 24 h .size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for molecular weight determination. Methanol was used for isolation by reprecipitation. Effect of reaction parameter and the lipase origin on the molecular weight and the polymer yield have been systematically measured in the combination of sebacic acid and 1,8-octanediol. When the experiment was carried without the lipase (control experiment) then the polymerization did not occur indicating that polymerization takes place due to lipase as catalyst. The effect of temperature, solvent and amount of enzyme and monomer were systematically measured. When enzyme concentration increased it was observed that the yield was increased. It was seen that monomer amount also affected polymerization behaviour .The poly merization behaviour depended on chain length of the monomer in the polymerization of a co-dicaboxylic acid and glycol. NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used for terminal structure analysis. 4 .Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles (Taden et al., 2003) Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles synthesized from the direct enzymatic polymerization of miniemulsion consisting of lactone nanodroplets. For polymerization of lactone lipase as catalyst was very efficient. Lipases were ampiphilic molecule and they adsorb onto the hydro-phobic lactone nanodroplets. Ultrasonication was used for the miniemulsification until reaching equilibrium and measure by turbidity measurement. When DSC measurements was done it was observed that the dynamic crystallization point of the synthesized polyester were shifted much down that crystallization inside the droplets was supressed when polymerization condition applied. The melting point of dried polymer was determined by DSC method. Non-spherical aggregate was formed when crystallization carried out at low temperature. The pH of the minemulsion shifted to 5-6 after polymerization from 7. 5. Green Polymer Chemistry Using Nature’s Catalysts, Enzymes (Pukas et.al, 2009) Enzyme are the natural catalyst. The use of enzyme as a catalyst increases as substitute to chemical catalysis method of organic synthesis. The advantage of enzyme were ability to operate under mild condition, high selectivity, biocompatibility and recyclability. The polymer synthesis was done by enzyme and the most common example are polycondensation, oxidative polymerisation and ring opening polymerization. The use of enzyme as a catalyst in polymer science is important methodology for the synthesis of novel polymeric structure, which are impossible or difficult to prepare. 3. CRITICAL REVIEW 3.1 ORIGINALITY The present paper is about the lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer. For reducing carbon dioxide emission polymeric material was produced from biobased renewable material. Thus poly-lactic acid has been produced using biobased renewable material. Work on the ring opening polymerization using enzyme catalyst was already done. The work on the lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxlyic acid was first done in 1993 for the ring opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) involving dehydration already carried out. The work on the â€Å"dehydration in water† using lipase catalysed polymerization to formed polyester in water was also done. From the extension of an all these studies the current paper include lipase catalysed synthesis reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride (IAn), succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride as starting monomer with for diol. Even though the c oncept was not new but the work done was novel. The author done the work with using new monomer IAn and four diol. ROACP between two monomer itaconic anhydride and diol was not possible so the author added one extra polymer so that reaction completed. Author carried out model reaction for getting information about the regioselectivity and substrate selectivity of itaconic anhydride using n-octyl alcohol. 3.2 TECHNICAL CORRECTNESS Technically, this paper is almost correct. All the obtained results have been represented through lucid graphs. DATA REPRESENTATION All the employed methods have been well-described by the authors. This enabled easy and correct interpretation of some of the related plots and enabled the understanding of the associated concepts. The spectra included in the manuscript clearly represent the results obtained via various experiments and the theoretical discussion supports the results represented in these spectra; which enabled better understanding of the experiments and the concepts. FLOW OF EXPERIMENT The flow of the experiments conducted is logical. In the initial part of this paper, the scientists have given a brief introduction about biobased renewable material. The authors used some references to state the method for poly lactide synthesis using two method ring opening polymerization of lactide and direct polycondensation of lactic. Lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxylic acid anhydride involving dehydration. The reference also included the â€Å"dehydration in water† and have conducted green polymer chemistry. To the extension of these work done current paper utilised the itaconic anhydride as a starting biobased monomer to produce a poly (lactic acid) macromonomer. The strategy of synthesis of biobased reactive polyester from itaconic anhydride was like that itaconic anhydride does not react with diol alone so it is necessary that the monomer added so that the reaction was completed therefore succinic anhydride or glutaric anhydride was used in combination. During the synthesis all reaction were remained inhomogenous and gave only low molecular weight product with Mn values between 150 and 390 as determined by GPC analysis. The H ¹ NMR studies show that the itaconic anhydride was completely consumed during ring opening reaction. In addition to these EIS-TOF MS analysis show that reaction of itaconic anhydride with diol reaction gives mixture of 1:1 and 2:1 adduct of IAn: diol. From these it was conclude that in addition to main ROA reaction small extent of condensation and dehydration occurred. After these study the author pointed out why the itaconic anhydride alone does not initialised expected ring opening addition condensation polymerization reaction. The reason behind these was that itaconic anhydride is less reactive than succinic anhydride in dehydration step. The author gives the information from result that ROACP involves two different types of reaction a ROA between diol and cyclic anhydride and dehydration condensation between carboxylic acid group and alcohol group. Author carried out model reaction before the study of the ROACP reaction to obtain valuable information about the product polyester structure and fundamental aspects of itaconic anhydride. The model reaction carried out using n-octanol instead of a diol. The regioselectivity information obtained from reaction carried out with novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25 °C. The author interpreted from result that was obtained from H ¹ NMR. The ÃŽ ²-selectivity value with lipase catalysis was 49% and without lipase catalysis was 90% and thus demonstrate that reaction was governed by lipase catalysis. Author also focus on the substrate selectivity in the reactant in order to prepare reactive polyester. The result from H ¹ NMR studies show that after 3h the IAn and SAn were 13% and 27% consumed respectively and without lipase catalyst these reaction did not occur. Author carried ROACP reaction under different condition using IAn, SAn and diol. IAn: SAn: diol were 2.5:2.5:5.0 and 1.4.0:5.0 taken for synthesis of polyester. When reaction carried out in without novoenzyme 435 no product was formed which insoluble in n-hexane. When the reaction carried out with the lipase but without the molecular sieve, reaction system becomes homogenous to synthesized polymeric product with low Mn .When the molecular sieve were added ROACP was increased and gave the polyester with higher Mn values. Out four diol 1,8-octanediol was the most favourable diol in terms of molecular weight , yield and number of units per molecule. Then paper ended with a detailed discussion on various parameters studied and results observed, which was followed by an appropriate conclusion. 3.3 CLARITY In this paper, the authors have lucidly explained the background of the topic, which gives a clear dogma of the researched topic. Explanation of some concepts enables better understanding of the experiments and reveals the authors’ logical approach towards the work conducted. Each of the sub-topics well describe the basic concepts covered within them. There is no repetition of matter. Therefore paper is reasonably easy to follow and understand. 3.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY Authors have provided 38 references; all the references have been cited in course of the discussion. All references are formatted as per guidelines mentioned for authors by the publishers of this scientific journal. Statements in paper can be correctly interpreted by referring to the cited references. 3.5 TITLE AND ABSTRACT Title of the paper is â€Å"Green polymer chemistry: lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as renewable monomer†. It is self-explanatory. By looking at the title we can get clear idea that the experiment includes synthesis of biobased reactive polyester using itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer and lipase as a natural catalyst. The abstract of the paper presents an overview of the various studies conducted in the manuscript and briefly presents experimental framework and the most important results obtained by the authors. The abstract of paper is of appropriate length and sufficient to give clear idea about what work has been done. The abstract brings out all the main points of paper. 3.6 ILLUSTRATION AND TABLES The spectra and graphical representations as well as the table represented in the paper are appropriate. The results discussed in the text are accurately represented in the graphs and spectra. They are self-explanatory and simple to understand. There searchers have provided the analytical data of material synthesized during their research. This included Mass spectra, proton NMR spectra and IR spectra of precursor material and intermediate synthesized to point out the differences between the various polymer synthesized during the work using different combination of a monomer in different ratio using different diol and different reaction condition as a proof of the polymer being synthesized varies according to a reaction condition and monomer and its concentration. 3.7 ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION No alternative interpretation can be made from the obtained results. All the conclusions made by the author are correct and justify the results obtained. REFERENCES 17 Kobayashi, S. (1999). Enzymatic polymerization: a new method of polymer synthesis. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 37, 3041–3056. 26 Suda, S., Uyama, H. Kobayashi, S. (1999). Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyesters by lipase catalyst. Proc. Jpn Acad. B. 75, 201–206. 29 Taden, A., Antonietti, M. Landfester, K. (2003). Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24, 512–516. 34 Puskas, J. E., Sen, M. Y. Seo, K. S. (2009). Green polymer chemistry using nature’s catalyst, enzymes. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 47, 2959–2976. 15 Okuda, T., Ishimoto, K., Ohara, H. Kobayashi, S. (2012). Renewable biobased polymeric materials: facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly (L-lactic acid) grafts. Macromolecules 45, 4166–4174.

Issuing Public Offering Essay

Financial Markets the world over are classified into two types of markets; the primary and secondary markets. The primary market is a market for new securities issued by the corporations to raise capital, on the other hand secondary markets deal in trade of securities previously issued by corporations, transactions in the secondary market typically do not involve the corporations whose financial assets are traded between two investors. The most popular method of going public is the IPO or the Initial Public Offering method. The IPO involves a financial intermediary such as an investment bank, which underwrites the new securities i. . buys the securities form the corporation and then resells it to investors. The investment bank assumes the risk of distributing the securities. However this process is only viable for large organization with strong liquidity position because it is extremely expensive, time consuming and risky (Underwriters can back out at the last moment). Alternately the corporation could use the Direct Public Offering (DPO) process, this is similar to the IPO process except that the corporation itself acts as the underwriter. The corporation registers its securities with the regulating body itself and sells it to investors directly. The process is considerably less costly however it is quite labor intensive. Other less conventional routes to the public securities market include utilizing the Exchange Act Registration of 1934. The organization can sell its shares privately to investors and register under the act, thereby listing the securities on the NASDAQ Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTC-BB). The OTC-BB is not a stock exchange but allows brokers and investors to quote and trade the stock. The company (private) could also acquire major shares of a public company and become publicly listed. Ideally the public company has no assets, liabilities or operations, such firms are referred as public shells. Once the merger is consummated, the merged entity could change its name and management at the discretion of the private company. Another method o get publicly listed is through a registered spin off. Under this method the private corporation issues its common stocks to a publicly traded company, the stock sale is registered with the Securities Exchange Commission and these are distributed to the existing shareholders of the publicly traded corporation. This result in two companies with pubic shareholders, the spin off company can later list itself independently. Once the company goes public i. e. its securities are listed on the Securities Exchange Markets like the NYSE or NASDAQ, any future transaction of these securities becomes a secondary market transaction and prices are determined by the market dynamics. Equity or Debt Securities Before we decide on how to acquire the funds we must understand the effects of the anticipated recession on the financial market. A recession would be characterized by low level of economic activity. During a recession the demand for money will fall in the face of increased interest rates, which imply higher cost of money. The Federal Reserve on the other hand will try to stimulate the economy by loosening the money supply and driving interest rates down. Therefore there is a tendency for interest rates to decline especially in the short term. If I were the financial manager of the company, I would issue short-term callable bonds to finance the project. Once the economy goes into recession the interest rates would tend to decrease; this will make the bond trade in the secondary market for a premium value. Since the bonds are callable the company can call them at the quoted price. The decrease in interest rates will make the stock market more lucrative for investors as they could get higher returns on their investment in the stock market. Since the investors will pull the money out of the bond market and inject it in the stock market, it will lead to an increase in demand for stocks, pushing the prices of stocks upwards. As the prices of stocks would increase the company could sell its stock for higher par value in the market and generate additional funds.