Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER: Green polymer chemistry: lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as renewable monomer. JOURNAL: Polymer Journal (2014) 46, 2–13 INTRODUCTION SUMMARY This paper is about the lipase catalysed synthesis of reactive polyester. In this synthesis lipase used as natural catalyst. The synthesis of reactive polyester was done by ring opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) reaction with dehydration. Cyclic anhydride and diol were used. Itaconic anhydride (IAn) is renewable biomass material so it was ideal monomer for synthesis of reactive polyester. IAn is five membered cyclic anhydride. ROACP did not possible between IAn and diol so the monomer succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride (GAn) were used with IAn and diol. The diol used were 1, 4-butanediol (BD), 1, 6-hexanediol (HD), 1, 8-octanediol (OD) and 1, 10-decanediol (DD). ROACP reaction of IAn with the diols in the ratios of IAn: diol with lipase as a catalyst in presence of molecular sieves were studied at 25 ºC in toluene for 120h. From the GPC analysis it is observed that all the reaction remained inhomogenous during the reaction and gave only low-molecular weight product with Mn between 150 and 390. The NMR result show that starting IAn completely consumed in ring opening reaction so IAn alone does not show RCACP so the addition of other component or changing reaction condition necessary. For these regioselectivity and substrate selectivity examination of IAn done by using model reaction of IAn and n-octyl alcohol. For regioselectivity observation ROA reaction was performed with Novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25 ºC with stirring. The ÃŽ ²-selectivity value without lipase was 90% and with lipase catalysis was 49%. It was because the ÃŽ ²-carbonyl group is sterically more favourable than ÃŽ ±-carbonyl group group adjacent to the vinylidene group so it confirmed that reaction catalysed by lipase. In ROACP reaction first ring opening addition (ROA) reaction between cyclic anhydride and diol and after that dehydration condensation reaction between alcohol group and carboxylic acid group occur. Out of four d iol OD gives good result in terms of yield, molecular weight and number of unit per molecule. ROACP using IAn, SAn or GAn and diol produced polyester in good yield. From the SAn polyester with Mn value of 650-3510 with 1.3-2.6 units per molecule were obtained and from GAn these value were 560-3690 and 1.2-3.1 respectively. The polymer synthesized have application as macromonomer, telechelic or crosslinking reagent. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY The review of this manuscript and presentation of perspectives has been conducted based on an extensive survey of the manuscripts describing similar or related research. Renewable biobased polymeric materials: facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly(L-lactic acid) grafts (Okuda et.al, 2012) Biobased material are environmental friendly so these material now a days used mostly for synthesis organic compound. Current paper used itaconic anhydride (IAn) and lactic acid (LA) as a renewable starting material for synthesis of biobased polymeric material of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer. Synthesis of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was done by two way; ring-opening polymerization of lactide with a variety of metal or nonmetal catalysts and direct polycondensation of lactic acid (LA) with acid catalysts. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer were synthesized by two way macromonomer approach and copolymer approach. First the using IAn the methacryloyl-type polymerizable PLA macromonomer (IAn-PLA Macro) were formed and then its copolymerization with n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) or ethyl methacrylate (EMA) to give graft copolymer with molecular weight Mn up to 1.61Ãâ€"105and biomass content more than 34wt%. When copolymer appr oached employing IAn as comonomer for radical polymerization with BMA used then IAn-BMA copolymer with Mn 5.76Ãâ€"104 obtained. These two approaches are used for synthesis of PLA-graft copolymer as â€Å"biomass plastic† having various application. 2).Enzymatic Polymerization: A New Method of Polymer Synthesis (kobayashi 1999) Enzymatic polymerization refers to polymerization using an isolated enzyme outside the biological system through non-biosynthetic pathways. The present article gives idea about development of enzymatic polymerization technique. Hydrolases and oxidoreductase types of enzyme were used for polymerization. By using these enzymatic polymerization method various material synthesized including polysaccharide like chitin, cellulose, xylan and amylose and un-natural polysaccharide by glycosidase through various monomer. Oxidoreductase initiated vinyl polymerization. The polymerizability was depend on ring size, opposing to chemical catalysis where ring strain is operative. Enzymatic polymerization has advantages of high selectivity, ability to operate under mild condition, catalyst recyclability, and biocompatibility. 3. Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyesters by lipase catalyst. (Suda et al., 1999) Lipase is natural catalyst used for synthesis of polyester .In the present paper aliphatic polyester was synthesized by dehydration polycondensation in water by using lipase as catalyst. Polymerization was carried out at 45 °C for 24 h .size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for molecular weight determination. Methanol was used for isolation by reprecipitation. Effect of reaction parameter and the lipase origin on the molecular weight and the polymer yield have been systematically measured in the combination of sebacic acid and 1,8-octanediol. When the experiment was carried without the lipase (control experiment) then the polymerization did not occur indicating that polymerization takes place due to lipase as catalyst. The effect of temperature, solvent and amount of enzyme and monomer were systematically measured. When enzyme concentration increased it was observed that the yield was increased. It was seen that monomer amount also affected polymerization behaviour .The poly merization behaviour depended on chain length of the monomer in the polymerization of a co-dicaboxylic acid and glycol. NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used for terminal structure analysis. 4 .Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles (Taden et al., 2003) Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles synthesized from the direct enzymatic polymerization of miniemulsion consisting of lactone nanodroplets. For polymerization of lactone lipase as catalyst was very efficient. Lipases were ampiphilic molecule and they adsorb onto the hydro-phobic lactone nanodroplets. Ultrasonication was used for the miniemulsification until reaching equilibrium and measure by turbidity measurement. When DSC measurements was done it was observed that the dynamic crystallization point of the synthesized polyester were shifted much down that crystallization inside the droplets was supressed when polymerization condition applied. The melting point of dried polymer was determined by DSC method. Non-spherical aggregate was formed when crystallization carried out at low temperature. The pH of the minemulsion shifted to 5-6 after polymerization from 7. 5. Green Polymer Chemistry Using Nature’s Catalysts, Enzymes (Pukas et.al, 2009) Enzyme are the natural catalyst. The use of enzyme as a catalyst increases as substitute to chemical catalysis method of organic synthesis. The advantage of enzyme were ability to operate under mild condition, high selectivity, biocompatibility and recyclability. The polymer synthesis was done by enzyme and the most common example are polycondensation, oxidative polymerisation and ring opening polymerization. The use of enzyme as a catalyst in polymer science is important methodology for the synthesis of novel polymeric structure, which are impossible or difficult to prepare. 3. CRITICAL REVIEW 3.1 ORIGINALITY The present paper is about the lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer. For reducing carbon dioxide emission polymeric material was produced from biobased renewable material. Thus poly-lactic acid has been produced using biobased renewable material. Work on the ring opening polymerization using enzyme catalyst was already done. The work on the lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxlyic acid was first done in 1993 for the ring opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) involving dehydration already carried out. The work on the â€Å"dehydration in water† using lipase catalysed polymerization to formed polyester in water was also done. From the extension of an all these studies the current paper include lipase catalysed synthesis reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride (IAn), succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride as starting monomer with for diol. Even though the c oncept was not new but the work done was novel. The author done the work with using new monomer IAn and four diol. ROACP between two monomer itaconic anhydride and diol was not possible so the author added one extra polymer so that reaction completed. Author carried out model reaction for getting information about the regioselectivity and substrate selectivity of itaconic anhydride using n-octyl alcohol. 3.2 TECHNICAL CORRECTNESS Technically, this paper is almost correct. All the obtained results have been represented through lucid graphs. DATA REPRESENTATION All the employed methods have been well-described by the authors. This enabled easy and correct interpretation of some of the related plots and enabled the understanding of the associated concepts. The spectra included in the manuscript clearly represent the results obtained via various experiments and the theoretical discussion supports the results represented in these spectra; which enabled better understanding of the experiments and the concepts. FLOW OF EXPERIMENT The flow of the experiments conducted is logical. In the initial part of this paper, the scientists have given a brief introduction about biobased renewable material. The authors used some references to state the method for poly lactide synthesis using two method ring opening polymerization of lactide and direct polycondensation of lactic. Lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxylic acid anhydride involving dehydration. The reference also included the â€Å"dehydration in water† and have conducted green polymer chemistry. To the extension of these work done current paper utilised the itaconic anhydride as a starting biobased monomer to produce a poly (lactic acid) macromonomer. The strategy of synthesis of biobased reactive polyester from itaconic anhydride was like that itaconic anhydride does not react with diol alone so it is necessary that the monomer added so that the reaction was completed therefore succinic anhydride or glutaric anhydride was used in combination. During the synthesis all reaction were remained inhomogenous and gave only low molecular weight product with Mn values between 150 and 390 as determined by GPC analysis. The H ¹ NMR studies show that the itaconic anhydride was completely consumed during ring opening reaction. In addition to these EIS-TOF MS analysis show that reaction of itaconic anhydride with diol reaction gives mixture of 1:1 and 2:1 adduct of IAn: diol. From these it was conclude that in addition to main ROA reaction small extent of condensation and dehydration occurred. After these study the author pointed out why the itaconic anhydride alone does not initialised expected ring opening addition condensation polymerization reaction. The reason behind these was that itaconic anhydride is less reactive than succinic anhydride in dehydration step. The author gives the information from result that ROACP involves two different types of reaction a ROA between diol and cyclic anhydride and dehydration condensation between carboxylic acid group and alcohol group. Author carried out model reaction before the study of the ROACP reaction to obtain valuable information about the product polyester structure and fundamental aspects of itaconic anhydride. The model reaction carried out using n-octanol instead of a diol. The regioselectivity information obtained from reaction carried out with novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25 °C. The author interpreted from result that was obtained from H ¹ NMR. The ÃŽ ²-selectivity value with lipase catalysis was 49% and without lipase catalysis was 90% and thus demonstrate that reaction was governed by lipase catalysis. Author also focus on the substrate selectivity in the reactant in order to prepare reactive polyester. The result from H ¹ NMR studies show that after 3h the IAn and SAn were 13% and 27% consumed respectively and without lipase catalyst these reaction did not occur. Author carried ROACP reaction under different condition using IAn, SAn and diol. IAn: SAn: diol were 2.5:2.5:5.0 and 1.4.0:5.0 taken for synthesis of polyester. When reaction carried out in without novoenzyme 435 no product was formed which insoluble in n-hexane. When the reaction carried out with the lipase but without the molecular sieve, reaction system becomes homogenous to synthesized polymeric product with low Mn .When the molecular sieve were added ROACP was increased and gave the polyester with higher Mn values. Out four diol 1,8-octanediol was the most favourable diol in terms of molecular weight , yield and number of units per molecule. Then paper ended with a detailed discussion on various parameters studied and results observed, which was followed by an appropriate conclusion. 3.3 CLARITY In this paper, the authors have lucidly explained the background of the topic, which gives a clear dogma of the researched topic. Explanation of some concepts enables better understanding of the experiments and reveals the authors’ logical approach towards the work conducted. Each of the sub-topics well describe the basic concepts covered within them. There is no repetition of matter. Therefore paper is reasonably easy to follow and understand. 3.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY Authors have provided 38 references; all the references have been cited in course of the discussion. All references are formatted as per guidelines mentioned for authors by the publishers of this scientific journal. Statements in paper can be correctly interpreted by referring to the cited references. 3.5 TITLE AND ABSTRACT Title of the paper is â€Å"Green polymer chemistry: lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as renewable monomer†. It is self-explanatory. By looking at the title we can get clear idea that the experiment includes synthesis of biobased reactive polyester using itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer and lipase as a natural catalyst. The abstract of the paper presents an overview of the various studies conducted in the manuscript and briefly presents experimental framework and the most important results obtained by the authors. The abstract of paper is of appropriate length and sufficient to give clear idea about what work has been done. The abstract brings out all the main points of paper. 3.6 ILLUSTRATION AND TABLES The spectra and graphical representations as well as the table represented in the paper are appropriate. The results discussed in the text are accurately represented in the graphs and spectra. They are self-explanatory and simple to understand. There searchers have provided the analytical data of material synthesized during their research. This included Mass spectra, proton NMR spectra and IR spectra of precursor material and intermediate synthesized to point out the differences between the various polymer synthesized during the work using different combination of a monomer in different ratio using different diol and different reaction condition as a proof of the polymer being synthesized varies according to a reaction condition and monomer and its concentration. 3.7 ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION No alternative interpretation can be made from the obtained results. All the conclusions made by the author are correct and justify the results obtained. REFERENCES 17 Kobayashi, S. (1999). Enzymatic polymerization: a new method of polymer synthesis. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 37, 3041–3056. 26 Suda, S., Uyama, H. Kobayashi, S. (1999). Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyesters by lipase catalyst. Proc. Jpn Acad. B. 75, 201–206. 29 Taden, A., Antonietti, M. Landfester, K. (2003). Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24, 512–516. 34 Puskas, J. E., Sen, M. Y. Seo, K. S. (2009). Green polymer chemistry using nature’s catalyst, enzymes. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 47, 2959–2976. 15 Okuda, T., Ishimoto, K., Ohara, H. Kobayashi, S. (2012). Renewable biobased polymeric materials: facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly (L-lactic acid) grafts. Macromolecules 45, 4166–4174.

Issuing Public Offering Essay

Financial Markets the world over are classified into two types of markets; the primary and secondary markets. The primary market is a market for new securities issued by the corporations to raise capital, on the other hand secondary markets deal in trade of securities previously issued by corporations, transactions in the secondary market typically do not involve the corporations whose financial assets are traded between two investors. The most popular method of going public is the IPO or the Initial Public Offering method. The IPO involves a financial intermediary such as an investment bank, which underwrites the new securities i. . buys the securities form the corporation and then resells it to investors. The investment bank assumes the risk of distributing the securities. However this process is only viable for large organization with strong liquidity position because it is extremely expensive, time consuming and risky (Underwriters can back out at the last moment). Alternately the corporation could use the Direct Public Offering (DPO) process, this is similar to the IPO process except that the corporation itself acts as the underwriter. The corporation registers its securities with the regulating body itself and sells it to investors directly. The process is considerably less costly however it is quite labor intensive. Other less conventional routes to the public securities market include utilizing the Exchange Act Registration of 1934. The organization can sell its shares privately to investors and register under the act, thereby listing the securities on the NASDAQ Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTC-BB). The OTC-BB is not a stock exchange but allows brokers and investors to quote and trade the stock. The company (private) could also acquire major shares of a public company and become publicly listed. Ideally the public company has no assets, liabilities or operations, such firms are referred as public shells. Once the merger is consummated, the merged entity could change its name and management at the discretion of the private company. Another method o get publicly listed is through a registered spin off. Under this method the private corporation issues its common stocks to a publicly traded company, the stock sale is registered with the Securities Exchange Commission and these are distributed to the existing shareholders of the publicly traded corporation. This result in two companies with pubic shareholders, the spin off company can later list itself independently. Once the company goes public i. e. its securities are listed on the Securities Exchange Markets like the NYSE or NASDAQ, any future transaction of these securities becomes a secondary market transaction and prices are determined by the market dynamics. Equity or Debt Securities Before we decide on how to acquire the funds we must understand the effects of the anticipated recession on the financial market. A recession would be characterized by low level of economic activity. During a recession the demand for money will fall in the face of increased interest rates, which imply higher cost of money. The Federal Reserve on the other hand will try to stimulate the economy by loosening the money supply and driving interest rates down. Therefore there is a tendency for interest rates to decline especially in the short term. If I were the financial manager of the company, I would issue short-term callable bonds to finance the project. Once the economy goes into recession the interest rates would tend to decrease; this will make the bond trade in the secondary market for a premium value. Since the bonds are callable the company can call them at the quoted price. The decrease in interest rates will make the stock market more lucrative for investors as they could get higher returns on their investment in the stock market. Since the investors will pull the money out of the bond market and inject it in the stock market, it will lead to an increase in demand for stocks, pushing the prices of stocks upwards. As the prices of stocks would increase the company could sell its stock for higher par value in the market and generate additional funds.

A Good Man Is Hard And Good Country People By Flannery O ...

According to Earl Nightingale, â€Å"When you judge others, you do not define them, you define yourself.† This is a common thing that many people do throughout their lifetime. People might judge others to feel secure or to create an identity for themselves. Judging others by their appearance or by the things they own should not be a reason to dislike them. While it may be a common thing to do since we are all humans, it does come with some consequences. In Flannery O Connor s short stories â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Good Country People†, readers realize that the main characters tend to be judgmental about the people around them. Many of O’Connor’s stories have many religious themes in them, and both stories show it. O’Connor was a Catholic and like sharing her strong beliefs in them when writing her stories to set a goal to the readers. As Ed. Sara Constantakis states that O’Connor called this concept â€Å"Christian realism† (Constantakis, 2012). In her story â€Å"Good Country People† she could have based her main character Hulga as herself since she also had bad health. O’Connor was diagnosed with lupus at the age of twenty-five which was the same disease that had killed her father. Flannery moved to her mother’s house after many treatments and later moved to a farm with her mother. It is a coincidence that both Hulga and O’Connor lived in a farm and with their mothers at a young age. She would also base her stories in the south and would often show it by using the wordShow MoreRelatedA Good Man Is Hard And Good Country People By Flannery O Connor2428 Words   |  10 Pages In the short stories â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Good Country People,† Flannery O’Connor writes about violence. The violence in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† surprises the reader because it is unexpected. Flannery O’Connor lulls t he reader into a false sense of security and then pulls the rug out from under you at the end of the story. The violence is found within the character â€Å"The Misfit† and in his murderous actions. The violence in â€Å"Good Country People† is found within the characterRead MoreTheme Of Redemption And Good Country People By Flannery O Connor s `` A Good Man Is Hard1837 Words   |  8 PagesFlannery O Connor s stories â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†, and â€Å"Good Country People† both present very similar themes. Within these stories is the theme of redemption, and the way relationships affect the way people interact with each other seem to be a core issue she struggles with. Both stories have a protagonist that have to deal with some type of villain who has little to no belief, while their presence of faith that there is good in people gets them into the horrible situations that they findRead MoreFlannery OConner and the use of grotesque character in Good country people and a good man is hard to find1226 Words   |  5 Pagescentury writing (Holman 61). Almost all of O Connor s short stories usually end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. People have categorized O Connor s work as Southern Gothic (Walters 30). In Many of her short stories, A Good Man Is Hard To Find for example, Flannery O Connor creates grotesque characters to illustrate the evil in people. Written in 1953, A Good Man Is Hard To Find is one of O Connor s most known pieces of work and hasRead MoreO Connor s Life1323 Words   |  6 PagesKnown for her short stories and well known novels, author Flannery O’Connor has been a vision of American literature for the last eighty years. Born and raised in Savannah, Georgia during the Great Depression, O’Connor grew up during an era of hardship and trouble trying to focus on her studies while her family was battling financial difficulties. During this time of O’Connor’s life is where her short stories begin to form and her desire to share her experiences of love, friendship, and life blossomedRead MoreReview Of O Connor 1216 Words   |  5 PagesDevin Simpson 4/15/15 Professor Caruso 4/14/15 The writer Flannery O’Connor has presented very strange picture of a dysfunctional family on a family vacation which is shown to be destroyed just because of by three escaped convicts. The story reaches its climax at the time when the grandmother, very important to the story, who is very near to her death is offered the gift of grace and she willfully accepts that gift. Many circumstances that eventually lead to that climax in the story are very interestingRead MoreIrony In A Good Man Is Hard To Find1170 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Conner, a Gothic literature writer, has written several short stories throughout her life. Among these stories, two of them being A Good Man is Hard to Find and Good Country People, she has included some of the most fleshed out and grotesque characters I have ever read. O’Conner brings her characters to life throughout her writing in near flawless and subtle detail with ironic humor. For example, O’Conner makes skillful use of ironic names for her characters. The titles and namesRead MoreParkers Back by Flannery OConnor1146 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance of Flannery O Connor s Parker s Back can seem at once cold and dispassionate, as well as almost absurdly stark and violent. Her short stories routinely end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work is message-oriented, yet she is far too brilliant a stylist to tip her hand; like all good writers, crass didacticism is abhorrent to her. Unlike some more cryptic writers, O Connor was happyRead MoreGothic Literature : The Southern Gothic Fiction1476 Words   |  6 Pagessouthern gothic style. â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old man-servant--a combi ned gardener and cook--had seen in at least ten years.† (Faulkner) Another aspect that illustrates southern gothic literature is the murder of Homer Barron, Miss Emily’s abrupt lover. It is rather disturbing, not only because Miss EmilyRead MoreIn class, we have read a couple of Flannery O’ Connor’s short stories which include A Good Man is900 Words   |  4 Pagescouple of Flannery O’ Connor’s short stories which include A Good Man is Hard to Find, Good Country People, and Revelations. After reading these stories, I noticed that Flannery O’ Connor changes the story but in a sense keeps the same main characters in every story. The main things that change between these characters are how they decide to handle a situation and their names; the things that do not change are often the outlook that they have on the world. I noticed the grandma from A Good Man is HardRead MoreFlannery O Connor Is Considered One Of The Most Successful Writ er979 Words   |  4 PagesMary Flannery O’Connor is considered one of the most successful short story writers in history. She composed her works during a period of prosperity and economic boom following World War II. Although the economy was thriving, the 1950’s were a period of struggle for women’s rights, as well as other minorities. (Digital History) Based on her success, one could conclude O’Connor exceeded all barriers against women during the fifties. Flannery O’Connor’s life experiences based on her faith, her novels A Good Man Is Hard And Good Country People By Flannery O ... In the short stories â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Good Country People,† Flannery O’Connor writes about violence. The violence in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† surprises the reader because it is unexpected. Flannery O’Connor lulls the reader into a false sense of security and then pulls the rug out from under you at the end of the story. The violence is found within the character â€Å"The Misfit† and in his murderous actions. The violence in â€Å"Good Country People† is found within the character Hulga Hopewell and her hostility toward her mother, religion, and herself. Flannery O’Connor uses violence to criticize the hypocrisy of certain ideas and accepted cultural and religious norms. Textual evidence is necessary in this essay to prove the idea that Flannery O’Connor uses violence in these two stories to criticize the hypocrisy in the characters. In Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A G ood Man is Hard to Find,† the hypocrisy and selfishness of the grandmother brings about all of the conflict in the story. As John Desmond notes in his essay â€Å"Flannery O’Connor’s Misfit and the Mystery of Evil,† â€Å"her [the grandmother’s] lying and selfishness lead directly to the accident and the subsequent murder of her family† (133). The grandmother deceitfully coaxes her son Bailey and his family into going to Tennessee because she wants to, even though no one else in the family has any desire to go there. The grandmother considers herself a lady and a â€Å"good Christian woman† (133), but sheShow MoreRelatedA Good Man Is Hard And Good Country People By Flannery O Connor Essay2090 Words   |  9 Pagesmany people do throughout their lifetime. People might judge others to feel secure or to create an identity for themselves. Judging others by their appearance or by the things they own should not be a reason to dislike t hem. While it may be a common thing to do since we are all humans, it does come with some consequences. In Flannery O Connor s short stories â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Good Country People†, readers realize that the main characters tend to be judgmental about the people aroundRead MoreTheme Of Redemption And Good Country People By Flannery O Connor s `` A Good Man Is Hard1837 Words   |  8 PagesFlannery O Connor s stories â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†, and â€Å"Good Country People† both present very similar themes. Within these stories is the theme of redemption, and the way relationships affect the way people interact with each other seem to be a core issue she struggles with. Both stories have a protagonist that have to deal with some type of villain who has little to no belief, while their presence of faith that there is good in people gets them into the horrible situations that they findRead MoreFlannery OConner and the use of grotesque character in Good country people and a good man is hard to find1226 Words   |  5 Pagescentury writing (Holman 61). Almost all of O Connor s short stories usually end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. People have categorized O Connor s work as Southern Gothic (Walters 30). In Many of her short stories, A Good Man Is Hard To Find for example, Flannery O Connor creates grotesque characters to illustrate the evil in people. Written in 1953, A Good Man Is Hard To Find is one of O Connor s most known pieces of work and hasRead MoreO Connor s Life1323 Words   |  6 PagesKnown for her short stories and well known novels, author Flannery O’Connor has been a vision of American literature for the last eighty years. Born and raised in Savannah, Georgia during the Great Depression, O’Connor grew up during an era of hardship and trouble trying to focus on her studies while her family was battling financial difficulties. During this time of O’Connor’s life is where her short stories begin to form and her desire to share her experiences of love, friendship, and life blossomedRead MoreReview Of O Connor 1216 Words   |  5 PagesDevin Simpson 4/15/15 Professor Caruso 4/14/15 The writer Flannery O’Connor has presented very strange picture of a dysfunctional family on a family vacation which is shown to be destroyed just because of by three escaped convicts. The story reaches its climax at the time when the grandmother, very important to the story, who is very near to her death is offered the gift of grace and she willfully accepts that gift. Many circumstances that eventually lead to that climax in the story are very interestingRead MoreIrony In A Good Man Is Hard To Find1170 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Conner, a Gothic literature writer, has written several short stories throughout her life. Among these stories, two of them being A Good Man is Hard to Find and Good Country People, she has included some of the most fleshed out and grotesque characters I have ever read. O’Conner brings her characters to life throughout her writing in near flawless and subtle detail with ironic humor. For example, O’Conner makes skillful use of ironic names for her characters. The titles and namesRead MoreParkers Back by Flannery OConnor1146 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance of Flannery O Connor s Parker s Back can seem at once cold and dispassionate, as well as almost absurdly stark and violent. Her short stories routinely end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work is message-oriented, yet she is far too brilliant a stylist to tip her hand; like all good writers, crass didacticism is abhorrent to her. Unlike some more cryptic writers, O Connor was happyRead MoreGothic Literature : The Southern Gothic Fiction1476 Words   |  6 Pagessouthern gothic style. â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old man-servant--a combi ned gardener and cook--had seen in at least ten years.† (Faulkner) Another aspect that illustrates southern gothic literature is the murder of Homer Barron, Miss Emily’s abrupt lover. It is rather disturbing, not only because Miss EmilyRead MoreIn class, we have read a couple of Flannery O’ Connor’s short stories which include A Good Man is900 Words   |  4 Pagescouple of Flannery O’ Connor’s short stories which include A Good Man is Hard to Find, Good Country People, and Revelations. After reading these stories, I noticed that Flannery O’ Connor changes the story but in a sense keeps the same main characters in every story. The main things that change between these characters are how they decide to handle a situation and their names; the things that do not change are often the outlook that they have on the world. I noticed the grandma from A Good Man is HardRead MoreFlannery O Connor Is Considered One Of The Most Successful Writ er979 Words   |  4 PagesMary Flannery O’Connor is considered one of the most successful short story writers in history. She composed her works during a period of prosperity and economic boom following World War II. Although the economy was thriving, the 1950’s were a period of struggle for women’s rights, as well as other minorities. (Digital History) Based on her success, one could conclude O’Connor exceeded all barriers against women during the fifties. Flannery O’Connor’s life experiences based on her faith, her novels

Crusial Themes In Hills Like White Elephants - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1047 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hills Like White Elephants Essay Did you like this example? Analysis of Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants In Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants, the author reveals a state of depression and oppression setting. He emphasizes on how an American girl and Spanish speaking man are using alcohol to avoid having a real conversation about an operation, later understood to be an abortion, and her decision will eventually dictate the status of their relationship. Having the male translate shows the role or power dynamics in their relationship; showing there little in common interest and the language limitations being presented which is a key theme. The relationship is categorized by that of silence, beer pounding, and very little small talk. Following a moment of silence while awaiting their services the girl mentions how the hills resembles that of a white elephant; this emphasizes the awkward elephant in which they have going on between the two of them. Hinting at the landscape being fertile and barren suggests that there is or was a pregnancy. Avoidance of the sun glare to me seems as if the couple is hiding in the shade to avoid the truth about the ongoing truths. Attempting to face some of the problem, he conversation turns quickly into a match of bickering at one another. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Crusial Themes In Hills Like White Elephants" essay for you Create order Dominance is present as the man takes control over the decisions being made in this scene. Hemingway writes the saying Do you want it with water? but, before she even came to an answer on her own the guy answered for them both telling the woman that they would have water to complement their drinks (Mays 635). She asks him for advice and suggestions for the next drink as they continue to show lack of communication. The girl continues to try and make small talk and mentions how the drink reminds her of a licorice taste, as well as everything else. The guy snaps; showing signs of annoyance. The girl indicates that she was just trying to have a fine time (Hemingway, 1927) attempting to keep some sort of normalcy and leisure between the two. The female seems to be skeptical that happiness could ever exist because he refuses to open up about the problems in which they face. The man makes the moment intimate by referring to the girl by Jig which is a nickname. He then talks about an operation which is clear through reading that it is a euphemism for an abortion and how itrs not really a big deal even though they were illegal in their time. Later, he goes on to persuading her that she should go through with the operation but, attempts to make her feel better by saying she doesnt have to if she doesnt want to. He is well aware that the girl does not share the same feeling he does as she shows skepticism towards the conversation. The story implies that if she goes through with it then their lives can go back to what they were prior. Sinister and subtle domination is present here because he allows feelings into the conversation to be able to play on the girl emotion indicating everything will be okay. Hemingwayrs play on description from Jigrs point of view reveals her feeling about the pregnancy (full of life unlike before). There are mentions of fertile hills, full trees, etc , as she see the possibility of what their life have the potential to be like. He ensures her that they can have those things even if she goes through with the operation. He sees it as a less important factor and that life will continue to be okay. In this particular moment, the scene shows more value and importance than the characters words themselves. The theme has managed to remain the same involving: choice, relationship, and freedom throughout the story. However, the male attempts to sympathize with her. His attempt is to play on emotion saying how he only wants to be with her but, at the same time wanting her to abort their child so, they could remain free of responsibility. The author displays the man ability in attempting to dominate the womanrs opinion but she then questioned the stability of their relationship. Coming to a closing, the man carries the luggage over to wait for their train: the luggage symbolizing the weight and the burden the man feels is on his shoulders with such big decision to be made. He grabbed another drink as he analyzed his nsurroundings noticing that everything seem to be normal except him. Returning to the girl, they manage to try and keep up with the normality of their lives and once again manging to smother true feelings and emotion. It is obvious that a decision was not made and because of the disagreement between the two, their relationship remains in shambles from holding back honesty and true emotion about a life changing moment. Work Cited: Hemingway, Ernest. Hills Like White Elephants. The Norton Introduction to Literature, edited by Kelly J. Mays, Shorter 12th ed., Norton, 2016, pp. 635-638. Kaisler, Max. Hills Like White Elephants Hills Like White Elephants. LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 9 May 2016. Web. 7 Nov 2018. Annotated Biblograhy Hemingway, Ernest. Hills Like White Elephants. The Norton Introduction to Literature, edited by Kelly J. Mays, Shorter 12th ed., Norton, 2016, pp. 635-638.(Primary Source) Kaisler, Max. Hills Like White Elephants Hills Like White Elephants. LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 9 May 2016. Web. 7 Nov 2018. Writing Process Summation I chose this particular story because I feel as though a lot of youth my age suffers from these life choices every day and enough is not being done to help them. I was curious on how the woman would handle a situation that could change her life drastically in either direction she took. I made it a point to show that the man here felt the need to dictate this woman choice and how he attempted to manipulate the situation to work in his favor. I revised my paper by rereading and trying to find more appropriate words, attempting to fix grammar mistakes, and making my analysis easy to follow. I would like my reader to see that women are always put in a situations where they have to be the one making the hard decisions and men should not try and dictate how their lives play out to try and better theirs.