Discussing Literary Genre Essay

To define genre is to embark on a conjectural journey within a theoretical minefield. Genre theory has drawn immense debate and contemplation throughout literary history, however, several conclusions have emerged. Genre types are unfixed categories whose characteristics differ considerably among the specific genres; furthermore, the role of literary history plays a significant role in discussions of genre, for genre types evolve and shift with each new literary text. An approach to the discussion of genre, family resemblances, illustrates similar conventions among texts within a genre, but there are significant problems in this approach. There are several ways to discuss genre, and although problems abound in any approach, the subjective nature of the literary experience calls attention to the importance of the interaction between reader and text to provide the final word on genre. Although there is considerable theoretical debate about the definition of specific genres, the conventional definition tends to be based on the idea that texts within a genre share particular conventions of content and form, such as themes, settings, structure and style. However, the nature of genre leads to several problems inherent in the defining of genres. Certain genres are looser and more open ended in their conventions than other genres and some genres have many conventions while others have very few. Furthermore, literary texts that overlap and mix genres blur the distinction between them. Genres are not discrete systems consisting of a fixed number of list able items. Consequently, the same text can belong to different genres in different countries or times. For example, Latin poets categorized the elegy mainly in terms of its meter, while poets during the English Renaissance regarded the subject matter and tone to be determinate of form. History and culture play a role in the ever changing status of genres, which are difficult to define because the concept encompasses so many different literary qualities and conventions that can be broken or accepted, overlapped or mixed. Rather than define genre, some theorists approach the discussion of genre using Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concept of â€Å"family resemblances† among literary texts. Although a literary text rarely has all the characteristics of a particular genre, this method involves the discernment of similar conventions among texts within a genre. However, the problem of selection arises, for which texts can claim to be representative of a genre? Moreover, who decides the selection of these texts? The consideration of specific characteristics in literature introduces problems regarding the classification of literary works. The choice of characteristics taken into account is essential to the discussion of genre types . The characteristics of specific genres shift throughout history to accommodate variations in the category that occur; the defining characteristics of a particular genre can alter so drastically that the preliminary era in a new genre may not resemble the modern literary works in that genre. The works of Edgar Allan Poe, considered to be the father of the modern short story, show the contrast between the classification of short fiction in the 19th century and today. Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue†, provides suspense and mystery; however, the story does not include the main character’s moment of consciousness, the key ingredient in classifying modern short stories. Although â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† does not entail a moment of revelation, the story was regarded as short fiction in 1841. The contrast between early short fiction and the modern short story demonstrates the varying qualities of the genre between its preliminary stages and the present, and shows the substantial transformation which occurred within the genre. The types of genres not only shift throughout history but also alter with each new literary work. The altering of generic categories results in further difficulty in defining genre and classifying literary texts, for it demonstrates that generic forms are never fixed entities. Literary theorist Todorov asserts that although â€Å"every work modifies the sum of possible works†¦ we grant a text the right to figure in the history of literature†¦ only insofar as it produces a change in our previous notion of one activity or another†. Donald Barthelme’s â€Å"The Glass Mountain† is an example that expands the notion of short stories; the text challenges readers to find meaning and story where there is none. â€Å"The Glass Mountain† influences and increases the possibilities of short stories, while compelling readers to contemplate the role of short stories. Such engagement between a literary text and a reader results in the most intriguing and merited discussion of genre. The subjective procedure of defining genre appeals to the relationship between text and reader. Genre provides a framework within which texts are interpreted, and expectations and emotional outlooks are the individual results of reading literature. The expectations prompted by conventions in a literary text play a large role in the discussion of genre. For example, Mavis Gallant’s â€Å"From the Fifteenth District† cheats the expectation that arises from the first sentence, â€Å"[a]lthough an epidemic of haunting†¦ † (Gallant 115), and surprises readers with the discovery that the story is a reversal of the ghost story. A reader’s personal interaction with a literary work is decisive of genre, for what we think a genre is and the individual’s impression of a literary text often serve to classify a literary work. The individual’s response to literature plays a vital role in the discussion of genre, for literary texts are created for an audience of one. The various means to discuss genre provide insightful observations; however, significant problems are inherent in these discussions. The constantly changing categories of genre and the emergence of new literary works make defining genre a daunting task better left to the individual reader.

Boys will be boys Essay

Boys need care and support also when they are growing up, but it seems their behavior is required more rigidly. When boys come to the age of 10 or 11, they are required to behavior like a man. A boy who is scared in the dark or left alone at such a young age will be laughed, he will be said sissy. The traditional way asked boys mislead them to be pretend to be man-like. They have to be independent exactly when they need love and support from parents, they get no comfort or care when they get hurt. All of which at last lead to a pathological for the boy who can’t handle it well. Boys suffer from the way people rewire them, they are emotionally expressive, but a long time to repress their real feelings lead to a higher rate of crime or suicide, smoking and alcoholics in boys than girls. If boys go against their heart for a long time, they can’t act who they are for a long time, they get no help or guide, psychological problems will come into being instead. For example, a boy who lost his father in an early age, in his heart he desires the love from his father or from a man. But he should behave like a man to avoid being laughed by others while he is so weak, he has no one to talk this desire, so that as the desire become stronger and stronger, most cases, he becomes a gay. At last, boys should be taken care of in a different way from girls. The rigid idea that boys should behave like a â€Å"big boy† every moment should be considered carefully. Maybe when the boys really get the opportunity to be themselves, there will be less crime and suicide. No matter how he behaves, just follow the voice from the heart. Let the boys be who they are, more acceptance and love is need for who they are.

Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay

Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay Ethics, or more accurately, the lack of ethics, on the part of business and government leaders has lately received significant attention in the mass media and has been a topic of discussion among the public, as well as the different organizations in the world (Peppas 2002). Business ethics has gained the attention of many scholars and executives in both private and public sectors because of many unethical practices that are being reported. This includes the cases of large multinational organizations including Enron (Rashid & Ibrahim 2007). This is the reason why many studies about cultural differences and business ethics have been implemented in the past years. This literature review is conducted in order to analyze and evaluate the arguments regarding the different aspects that are related with business ethics and differences in cultures. Implications of Business Ethics The concept about ethics is considered as a complex matter because it is predicated on an interchange of views re garding the belief systems of individual among the citizens of any culture (Svensson & Wood 2003). The study of business ethics and its connection for the stakeholders of organizations have experienced fast growth in the past few decades. The literature about business ethics is divided on its views regarding the motivation and the cause for organizations to have their ethical dimension. The study of Harrison (2001) showed that there are two main schools of thoughts – first are those who suggest that firms are operating in order to generate profit, therefore, business ethics is considered as another means of attracting the customers, while the second are those who supported some corporate conscience as well as inherent motivation for the implementation of business ethics. On the other hand, Paul (2001) considered business ethics are very subjective in nature because it is a function of time and culture – therefore, the business ethics have changed, together with the cul tural values and norms motivated the business ethics in the national and regional boundaries. The study of Hofstede (1983) is considered as one of the most important studies which show the differences of countries or nations in terms of cultures and values. The study showed that there are 4 vital indicators which include individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity which shows great differences in the culture among different nations. The study of Vinten (1991) divided the issues of business ethics in different degree, which include international business, domestic business and professional ethics. Each level constitute for different level of some unethical activities perform by organizations and businesses. Even though, there are many studies which show importance of ethics, and even though it is being followed by different organizations, there are still many reasons and disapproval of adoption of ethics in the world of business. This is connected to the stud y of Stemberg (1994) which focuses on the case of rejected relativism. It stated that ethics is seen as excessively theoretical, at the same time, contradict the primary reason of any business and it is also lacking of direction in terms of harmony across the different cultures. Â   Business Ethics and Cultural Differences

Typical developmental pathways of Speech Language and Communication Essay

Typical developmental pathways of Speech Language and Communication - Essay Example The developmental pathways of speech, communication, and language start from when the child is about three months to when he or she is about three years, that is thirty-six months. By this age, the child has developed the basic skills and can communicate and understand some words. During the development of these three skills, in case a certain developmental concern is observed, intervention is critical. This is because it is easier to resolve problems related to these skills at early ages, however if the concerns are left untreated, the child may suffer from language, and speech impairments that affect the childs ability to use language learned later. It also affects how they learn new things, and how they behave in their later childhood and adolescence The pathways to child development are in ten groups from when the child is three months to when he or she is thirty-six months. In the third month the child should be able to, maintain eye contact, coo, goo, and smile, and cry differently for different needs, for example, when tired or hungry.in the third to sixth month the child is able to smile and quiet when spoken to. From six to nine months, the child should begin bubbling, express feelings and vocalizes to gain attention, the child should also be able to turn the head in order to follow sound and notice toys. The third stage of typical developmental pathways falls from nine to twelve months, at this stage the child can consistently respond to the own name when called, looks at familiar people and objects when mentioned. At this stage, the child can also follow routine commands associated with gestures, from twelve to fifteen months the child imitates speech sounds and understands up to fifty words. From fifteen month to the twenty-fourth months, the child shows improved skills in speech language and communication. From the twenty-fourth month onwards the child

The Bruce Tuckman Model Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Bruce Tuckman Model - Coursework Example She does not appear to have any interest in the workplace and she finds her work boring and therefore, she may come late to the office. Nevertheless, upon finding her work interesting, she takes to the next level of performance as noted in the case description. Still, the management has to give her more responsibility so that she can consider herself a valued member of the crew. For starters, the organization needs to make her a team-leader and ask her to be on time because now she will have a set of subordinates whom would look up to her for deriving inspiration (Salas, Rosen, & King, 2007). The female is a competent worker and one she will have a lot of responsibility under her belt then her behavior will get matured over time. Workers whom are trying to get away with laziness are of the view that they are equally important for the organization as her but they are apparently not so the management has to clarify by taking stiff action that not everyone is going to be tolerated with unacceptable work behaviors. Additionally, the champ has to be disciplined if her behavior does not improve in parallel to the increase in terms of her authority in the organization and then she will have to be put into progressive disciplinary action. On the other hand, my personal feelings are irrelevant regarding achieving an effective resolve of the situation. I personally feel that blessing her with adequate level of power in the company will have the ability to strait her abilities in a better way. The model of Tuckman is no doubt an important tool used for team building but the current problem is attached with trouble in normalizing the performance (Tuckman & Jensen, 1977). However, in order to correct the flaw, management has to step back and conduct a storming session in the headship of a troubled employee so that she can significantly contribute towards assigning roles and responsibilities to those who intend to serve under her. Conclusively, the proposed

Personal Philosophy paper Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Philosophy paper - Personal Statement Example However, sadly, the knowledge and the education that is being imparted in schools today is nothing but ‘ignorance’, because rather than making the students wise and happy, it is making them into robots who are hungry for ‘achievement’, ‘success’ and ‘power’. In today’s fast paced life and in hurry to reach the top, teachers have forgotten the real essence of education. Life is not about ‘power’ or ‘achievement’ but is about finding the unique purpose in life and in being happy and content. In psychologist Abraham Maslow’s words, life is about being a ‘self-actualized’ human being, i.e. achieving the highest potential that one is capable of achieving (Malsow, 1971, p.169). Today’s education system thinks that its job is complete by making students ‘qualified’ and ‘intellectuals’. However, the fact is that although educational qualification does help in achieving professional success, it is not enough to attain the complete potential in life. Hence, in my opinion, the purpose of education should be to mold the children into being wise, mature and intelligent human beings, rather than just making them ‘intellectual’ and ‘qualified’ human beings. The purpose of life has been a matter of interest for experts from different fields like psychology, philosophy, religion and spirituality. Different philosophical theories and ideas came into existence with the aim of making this world a better place to live and to help human beings attain happiness and bliss. However, as human being is not just an individual but is a part of the society, the attainment of satisfaction and happiness has become difficult for him. His actions and his behavior depend on people around him. Before taking any action, he spends a lot of time thinking about what others will say if he does it. Hence, human beings have lost touch with spontaneity and natural behavior. In an attempt to

Business and Corporate Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business and Corporate Law - Case Study Example In this assignment the business, which has been trading successfully as a partnership for many years, has decided to become a private company limited by shares. As such, they will be incorporated and registered under the Companies Acts, the main one of which is the Companies Act 1985. Under this act, the company must have a registered office1, which Lorraine and Brenda wish to have at Chancery Lane, London. The Act allows two or more persons to form a company with limited liability for any lawful purposes by following the formal requirements of the Act2. A memorandum and articles of association, which are the rules that govern the running and relationships of the company must be provided to the registrar as part of this process.3 Before getting into the details that regulate insolvency under the act I would like to just review the basics which you may already be aware of. As you have been acting under a partnership for some years you will have a general idea of how your business is performing and the likelihood of its future success. I do not see the change from partnership to limited company effecting your trading prospects materially. Therefore, if you have been successful as a partnership there is every reason to expect this success to continue after the change to company. You will have been used to operating under the partnership in a situation of unlimited liability. This means that in the event of the business failing, you both personally would have been liable for all of the debts of the business and stood to lose your homes and all of your personal assets. Fortunately, under a company, you will be protected by limited liability and this means that your personal assets will not be used to pay off the debts of the company unless some kind of fraud or wrong dealing is at play. However, all the assets of the business will be available to creditors of the business, and therefore, you should be very aware that any assets you transfer to the business will not be protected by the principle of unlimited liability and will be available to creditors should the business fail. Therefore, one way to minimize the risk of such loss is to avoid transferring unnecessary assets from the partnership to the

Importance of Learning Styles in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of Learning Styles in Nursing - Essay Example Due to different background, nurses offer a continuum of experiences and attributes during training such as varied learning styles. Therefore, training courses should focus on meeting the particular learning needs of individuals (Young & Paterson, 2007). Every individual shows preference for a particular learning style and this in turn accelerates an individual’s ability to learn. It has been stated that the primary goal of training courses is to upgrade an individual’s functioning; however, little effort or attention goes into appraising training methods. Research about successful training indicates that problem-focuses, pragmatic learning schemes based on skilful clinical monitoring and mentorship should be established. It was also revealed that nurses prefer on the job training; these results were similar to those of another research. It has been demonstrated that passive learning is futile and does not lead to improvement as opposed to active learning. Such research es have shown the need to remodel training schemes to embrace a work-oriented and learner-focused method. A logical approach and reasoning is encouraged by imparting education in practical clinical situation. This clinical setting assists in incorporating theoretical knowledge in actual practice for provision of better care of patients. The potential to learn and further application of this learning into practice plays an integral role in providing quality clinical service. Proficient and highly skilled staff guarantees the well-being of patients. In addition, such competent workforce will have to ability to identify and react aptly to clinical requirements. Incorporation of knowledge, learning styles, conceptions is the cornerstone for establishing an effective learning atmosphere. Thereby, an eclectic model is suggested that would integrate the complexities of individual learning into the association’s practices. Honey and Mumford’s Learning Style Questionnaire The à ¢â‚¬Ëœlearning style inventory model’ presented by Kolb inspired numerous theorists. His model served as the foundation stone for Honey and Mumford’s Learning Styles Questionnaire. The distinguishing element between the two models is that the latter investigates general behavioural predisposition whereas Kolb’s model revolves around straightforward queries. Honey and Mumford advocated that majority of individuals have never put thought into how they acquire knowledge (Honey & Mumford, 2006). Essentially, the two models are similar but with minor differences, for instance the terms of Kolb’s model have been substituted: divergers with reflector, assimilators with theorist, convergers with pragmatist and accommodators with activist (Sims & Sims, 1995). 1. Reflector--- finds lecturers beneficial if they are based on expert expositions and analysis. He is fond of learning through watching, thinking and reviewing over events. He utilizes journals and brainstor ms. 2. Theorist— prefers lectures, case studies, books, structure, standards, and examples. He adopts a step-by-step approach to deal with problems and is not in favour of expert talk. 3. Pragmatist— fond of feedback, teaching and establishes evident ties between ongoing task and a difficulty. He applies novel knowledge to practice; and is inclined towards laboratories, actual work and examination. 4. Activist—

Teratech Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teratech - Case Study Example The first provider to tap these advance resources would gain a bigger share in the market, lead the CRM service industry and have the first market entrant advantage. In the first quarter of 2005, Teratech aimed to go beyond the basic CRM functions and venture into modeling and analytics. The growth opportunities in predictive modeling and analytical CRM software is very big for the five-year-old company. Grabbing this opportunity would give a strategic advantage to Teratech, since the company is considered as a CRM expert for the pharmaceutical industry. According to Teratech's CEO, Jack Dwyer, developing a new analytical CRM product would assure the stakeholders continued sales and revenue growths as well as market leadership in the industry, while compensating the declining sales in the last quarter of the previous year. The new product is one of his corporate strategies for continued success of the organization. He is looking forward to an exceptional business performance of the company for three years. Jack Dwyer is a self-made man, who worked his way up to become a respected CIO in his previous job before he founded Teratech. He is a successful man with a 20-year experience in a leading technology service firm and a bold vision for Teratech's future. His vision for Teratech is to become the preferred solutions provider for pharmaceutical companies and the forerunner in the industry. This is the ideal end-state goal of Teratech. With the development of a new analytical software, Teratech's customers can identify trends, understand customer behavior, explore simulated scenarios and predict outcomes. This software would complete the company's CRM package of product functionality and analytical capability. The package is very marketable and salable to loyal customers as well as new recruits, as shown by the optimism of the sales team members. This would enhance the company's competitiveness in the market. The existing products and the development of a new analytical application software would answer to the vision of the CEO and help the company achieve its goal. However, development of a new product does not end on the salespeople. New product development is a company wide operation. It also involves other teams such as marketing, finance, human resource, and technology development teams. The marketing team is optimistic that the new product would answer the customer's concerns on the current product and return on their investment. The relatively new concept of CRM in pharmaceuticals and pharmacy-related industries is still at its infancy stage and the customers are still uncertain on its applicability. The development of the new product would assure the customers of its added benefit. The pharmaceutical companies would be able to maximize the value of their customer and market data as well as enhance their marketing strategy for optimum effectiveness. In the ultra-competitive environment of the pharmaceutical industry, the new product can address both the effectiveness and efficiency of their marketing campaigns. The success of the new product in the market would boost Teratech's expertise and market image, such that, the marketing team are challenged to cater new industries and access new technologies. Finding new markets or even creating a new one would be a blue ocean strategy for the team. Furthermore, Christine

Autonomy and motivation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Autonomy and motivation - Assignment Example Paradigm This research paper has utilized mixed research method Research Questions: The first question and probably one of the most difficult facets of any research task is the recognition of suitable research questions. Research questions are a pivotal and essential part of any quantitative research. The process of identification for qualitative research that is discussed in chapter 6, is quite dissimilar than for quantitative research (Deci and Ryan, 1985). For example, questions are usually not as narrowly constrained as they are in quantitative studies when keeping with the goals of research in qualitative studies. Questions should be interesting in that they address current and emerging issues; they need to be sufficiently constrained and narrow so that they can be answered at the same time in the same manner. Broad research questions can be easier said than done if not impossible to attend to without breaking them down into smaller questions that are answerable. Ethical conside ration As discussed by Deci and Flaste (1995), in most educational settings, one ought to obtain permission from a committee of human research before recruiting volunteers for a research project or before conducting any research (page 16). DÃ" §rnyei (1994) describes mixed methods research as a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in a single research project. The two approaches have been identified already and there is no need replicate their main features. The methodology used was the sampling of population taken into consideration to get their responses on the contentious issues. The first batch of respondents was gotten from nine different departments of parents. Those in real estate and the building industry, structural engineering, management, hotel management, English, mechanical engineering, bilingual studies and maritime studies. The total population of the respondents was 508. Most of those interviewed were graduates and diploma holders (Dickson, 1995). Inst rumentation According to Holec (1981), typically there are two distinct types of instruments of survey data collection: interviews and questionnaires. Questionnaire instrument is given in written form, and are used where information is to be got or collected from a large number of individuals. On the other hand, interviews are orally administered and are used in cases where there is need for in-depth information from a smaller group of individuals. The instrument used to gather the information was a questionnaire. The questionnaire had four sections. Each section had its own set of information that was to be submitted at the end. The first section was to determine who was responsible, between the teachers and the students should be the one to facilitate various aspects under learning both in and out of the classroom situation according to the students’ preferences. The second section was to determine the specific views according to the students on their own abilities to carry out similar learning aspects in and out of the classroom. The third aspect aimed at gauging the amount of motivation the students could afford to uphold in learning situation, especially of the English language. The fourth section set out to find out the actual activities the learners engaged in under both the classroom and outside class environment that could be considered as a manifestation of the subject

Minimum wage essay Essay Example for Free

Minimum wage essay Essay Minimum wage has been a very controversial topic. Nowadays people just can’t survive on minimum wage. Prices are rising but yet the pay is still the same. How do they expect us to survive on eight dollars and twenty five cents? Minimum wage workers in Chicago land locations had joined others across the country for a one-day strike, which was held August 29, 2013 outside the ROCK N ROLL McDonalds in the River North neighborhood, demanding their wage to be at least . 00 an hour. There was a worker there named Tyree Johnson who said he has been working on McDonalds for a total of 21 years and still earning a total of eight dollars and twenty five cents an hour. He states â€Å"Every time I would ask for a raise they would just tell me you shouldn’t have joined that union, were not giving you any raise†. The workers who had gathered up there said that they were tired on choosing between paying the rent or paying the groceries. Another minimum wage worker named Dejun Jackson says it takes him three jobs to raise a family. He gets up at 4:30am to start his shift at 5:45am. He ends his first job around 1 O’clock and has to be in his second job around 1:15. He does not end his second shift until 9 or 9:30pm. He states he has no time to see his kids except the weekends for the same reason that he has two jobs. Between his two jobs he works a total of 70 hours a week. Within a year he makes an average of $50,000. Dejun Jackson is also in school hoping one day he would be able to work just one shift and spend more time with his family. But just by having just one job he wouldn’t be able to make it through since one job helps him pay the pills and the other the cost of his school. I agree that people cannot live on minimum wage since the cost of living has gone up drastically. This has always been a conflict and will continue to be unless they raise minimum wage. The type of life we are living now days won’t simply just get us through by working on minimum wage. People have things to pay for example rent, food transportation, clothes, bills; school etc. People that get pay minimum wage are usually on government assistance which means everybody who is paying taxes are actually paying for the food stamps or any type of services that they are receiving from the government. It would be better if the companies would just pay their workers a decent amount of salary instead of other people having to pay for whatever the company is not paying them. The authors’ argument is very logical since it states why people can’t survive on minimum wage. This makes people have two jobs just too sustain a family. People wouldn’t be able to make through just by having one job, since the cost of living has gone up drastically.

Psychology- Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Psychology- Prejudice Essay 1. Evaluate Tajfel’s core study in terms of streotypes and weakness [10] Prejudice and Discrimination have been always controversial and it has become one of the crucial topics in the world of Social Psychology. Henry Tajfel was a British social psychology who is well known for his SIT or Social Identity Theory; ‘Intergroup Discrimination’ (1970). This theory has been useful to identify the social causes of prejudice and as well as explaining individual differences. First of all, this study is aimed to show or demonstrate that merely putting or diving people into groups could cause them to discriminate the other group. Tajfel’s procedure of the experiment involved two laboratory experiments. The subjects of the first experiment contained 64 boys, 14 and 15 year-old from a school in Bristol. The boys from each group knew each other well, since they were actually in the same houses at the school. The second experiment was similar to the first one, since 48 students also already knew each other. In terms of stereotypes and his study, Tajfel proposed that Stereotyping or putting people into groups is based on a normal cognitive; we tend to group or categories things. By the statement, he meant that we see the people in our group are just the ‘same’ with us because there are certain similarities that makes us parallel with them and there’ll be a tendency of us calling the ‘same’ people â€Å"us† and those who are different or out-group â€Å"them†. This study also has its weaknesses and strengths. One of the strengths; Laboratory experiment method, which makes him to able controlling the environment in terms of what the subjects had experienced during the test, therefore he can ensure that there are no influences that would change their behaviour later on. Manipulation of the environment also makes him able to obtain replication due to its standardness in procedures. However, since all of the participants were all male, similar age and came from the same country. In terms of experiment, this study has become biased. It is difficult to decide whether it is good enough to be generalised, due to its gender, age and geographical limitations. The ecological validity is doubtful, considering the experiments were lab studies, where we can jump to an argument that this involved unusual task is held in artificial environment. In other words, the participants acted in the way they thought was demanded of them; Demand Characteristic. This experiment deals with a disruptive and anti-social, very general commons of society in explaining and understanding the causes of prejudice and discrimination. Moreover, this piece of research could be beneficial or helpful to our daily life. Nevertheless, the applications are still limited, regard to ecological validity and the gender, race and cultures.

Concepts of Power and Resistance

Concepts of Power and Resistance Power and Resistance Where there is power, there is resistance, and yet, or rather consequently, this resistance is never in a position of exteriority in relation to power (Foucault, 1978: 95-96). In human sciences one of the main issues has always been the relationship of resistance to power. Where there is power, there is resistance; power affirms that there exists resistance and visa versa. But before starting to think about resistance, we have to take in mind that power is no longer considered a unitary, constant force that emanates from a particular social class or institution, rather it is seen as a more tenuous fabric of hegemonic forms (Constable, 2007: 11). Foucault (1978: 95-96) questions our assumption that power is always and essentially repressive, he wants to show how power also can be positively in a way that it can produce forms of pleasure, systems of knowledge, goods, and discourses and that it not only works negatively, by denying, restricting, prohibiting and repressing (Abu-Lughod, 1990: 42). The focus within studies of resistance recently shifted from large-scale collective revolts to more unlikely forms of resistance such as subversions and small or loca l resistances which do not especially aim to overthrow the system and which do not result from ideologies of emancipation (Abu-Lughod, 1990: 41). Hence both concepts have turned to be more complex than initially supposed, but this makes it even more interesting and more widely applicable to various situations where people try to construct their life within structures of power. Resistance The term resistance has been used by many scholars to describe a wide range of actions and behaviours in all aspects of human social life and in different settings. Hollander and Einwohner (2004: 534) illustrated how everything from revolutions to hairstyles has been described as resistance. Consequently following from the diversity of actions and behaviours which used to be named as resistance, they found in their analysis of the concept that there is little agreement on the definition (ibid: 234). Therefore it is important to outline the range of characteristics that can exist within the concept of resistance. First of all the scale whereat the resistance occurs has not always the same size; acts of resistance may be for example individual or collective, widespread or limited to local areas. Levels of coordination are also variable, in some situations there will be a higher extent in which the resisters intentionally act together, than in other. Thereby the targets where resistance is directed to also differs, they vary from individuals to groups and from organizations to institutions and social structures. As well the direction or goals are variable, while resistance mainly is understood to be aimed at achieving some sort of change, sometimes it is possible that the behaviour described as resistance aims to constrain change. Finally, while resistance is generally understood to be a political action, some writers suggest that resistance can also be identity-based (ibid: 536-537). Action and Opposition After having observed the dimensions of variation of resistance Hollander and Einwohner (ibid: 537) tried to describe the core elements of resistance to see how all these phenomena can be described with the same term. They identified action and opposition as two core elements within the discussions of resistance where authors seem to agree on. Resistance is not a quality of an actor or a state of being, but involves some active behaviour, whether verbal, cognitive, or psychical, and another component common to almost all uses is a sense of opposition. After having identified these core elements, the lines of disagreements became clearer, which made them realize that several debates of resistance above all differed in their position on two central issues: recognition and intent (ibid: 537). Recognition and Intention Acts of resistance are not always equally visible, their variation in visibility becomes clearer when we analyze the contrast between everyday resistance and more (and more obviously contentious) forms of political mobilization. Sometimes the intention of resistance is to be recognized, while other resistance is purposefully hidden, so recognition depends in part on the goals of the people who resist (ibid: 540). While Scott (1985) in his book about modes of everyday resistance among peasant workers argues that resistance need not to be recognized as such and that it may remain relatively invisible to the powerful, other scholars define resistance as necessarily provoking recognition and even reaction from others (Hollander Einwohner, 2004: 541). This level of recognition also varies depending on the two different groups of others who can identify an act as resistance, to wit targets and observers. The first group contains those to whom the act is directed and the second group can comprise the general public, members of the media and researchers (ibid: 542). After the question if oppositional action must be readily apparent to others, and if it must in fact be recognized as resistance, Hollander and Einwohner wonder if the actor must be aware that she or he is resisting some exercise of power and intending to do so for an action to qualify resistance (ibid: 542). Also on this matter scholars do not completely agree, roughly classified Hollander and Einwohner (2004) distinguish three different views. The first group of scholars believes that the actors conscious intent is a core element to be able to classify certain behaviour as resistance. The second group thinks that measuring intent is difficult or even impossible, as resistance not only arises in public, but also privately. People in these cases may be conscious of oppression and may intend to resist in some fashion, but this will not be visible and therefore impossible to measure. Following to the last group of scholars we must not focus on the intent, as resistance can occur cons ciously or unconsciously, concentrating on intent will neglect important forms of resistance (ibid: 542). Types of Resistance Hollander and Einwohner (2004) didnt want to define the verities and the falsities among all possible meanings and contends of the term resistance. Therefore they decided to analyse the various opinions to see if it would be possible to describe different forms of resistance without judging what is wrong and what is not. They already observed that all scholars seemed to agree that resistance implied oppositional action of some kind. Leaving discords about whether resistance must be intended by actors or whether it must be recognized by targets and/or observers. They therefore argue that it is useful to think of resistance in terms of distinct types, each defined by a different combination of actors intent, targets recognition, and observers recognition. Not all scholars will agree that all behaviours summarized in Table 1 should be called resistance, but it will help to emphasize again the core elements of resistance. The first type, overt resistance, comprises for example social movements and revolutions, and individual acts of refusal. It is visible behaviour, which is recognized by both targets as observers as resistance and is also intended to be recognized as such. Covert resistance refers to acts as gossip and subtle subversion in the workplace; they are intentional but go unnoticed by their targets. However they are recognized as resistance by culturally aware observers. These two forms of intentional forms of resistance are followed by some unintentional forms of resistance. The first one is recognized as resistance by both the observers as the targets but is not meant as such. And the second one contains so called self-defined targets who may be the only ones who recognize certain behaviour as resistance (target-defined resistance). A separate category contains externally-defined resistance, these are acts of resistance that are neither intended nor recognized as resistance by actors or their targets, but are labelled by third parties. The last two forms of resistance go to a certain degree unnoticed by others. If recognized by their target but unrecognized by third-party observers, they have called it missed resistance. If an actors intent ional act goes unnoticed by both targets and observers alike, it may be classified as attempted resistance (ibid: 544-547). Interaction Understanding the interaction between resisters, targets, and third parties plays a central role in the comprehension of resistance. Resistance is socially constructed; resisters, targets, and observers all participate in this construction (ibid: 548). Of course often there is no overall agreement on the question if certain behaviour can be seen as resistance or not. What one observer (or participant) sees as resistance, another may see as accommodation or even domination this does not only happen between the different participative groups but also within the parties there is variation. Resistance is a complex set of thoughts and behaviours (Ortner, 1995: 175). Dichotomizing resistance and dominators ignores the fact that there are multiple systems of hierarchy, and that individuals can be simultaneously powerful and powerless within different systems (Hollander Einwohner, 2004: 548). In her article about resistance and the concept of dà ©brouillardise (a way of social manipulation) used by Auvergnat farmers in rural France, Deborah Reed-Danahay (1993: 223) describes how Kondo (1990: 221) based on her research in Japan also emphasizes the intertwining of power and meaning, so that no one can be without power. Everyday Resistance After appointing the different types of resistance, it is necessary to take a first glimpse into possible forms of resistance among undocumented migrants to see on what kind of forms we have to continue focussing. First of all, it is obvious that undocumented migrants wont participate in any overt form of resistance (i.e. demonstrations) because it probably endangers their precarious situation. Therefore it is not very likely that the target of the resistance will recognize their acts as such. It will also vary if the acts are intended as resistance. Consequently, it is more likely that possible forms of resistance among undocumented migrants will be: covert resistance, attempted resistance and externally-defined resistance. Especially the first two forms of resistance are familiar to Scotts concept of everyday resistance. He describes: What everyday forms of resistance share with the more dramatic public confrontations is of course that they are intended to mitigate or deny claims made by superordinate classes or to advance claims vis-à  -vis those superordinate classes. Where institutionalized politics are formal, overt, concerned with systematic, de jure change, everyday resistance is informal, often covert, and concerned largely with immediate, de facto gains (Scott, 1990: 32-33). Scott points out different expressions of everyday resistance: foot dragging, dissimulation, false compliance, smuggling, etc. He refers to these practices as hidden transcripts (Scott, 1990) that are not easily visible in official transcripts and those on-stage behaviours controlled by elites (Reed-Danahay, 1993: 222). He described the existence of a too strongly focus on official and public transcripts of culture resulting in an underestimation of subordinated people and argued for a look into the unofficial transcripts to see the variety of forms of resistance taking place in this area of social life (ibid: 223). Though, Reed-Danahay (ibid: 223) points at a, ly to her, disturbing simplification [by Scott] by describing resistance as something which can be found in the hidden transcripts of the weak while only conformity becomes visible in the public transcripts of both the weak and the strong. This derives from the fact that he sees ideology as a coherent message, while there is c ontradiction and ambiguity in any discourse (ibid: 223) Everyday Practices Similar to Scotts everyday resistance is Michel de Certeaus (1984) concept of everyday practices. He divides strategies and tactics and explains why many everyday practices are not strategic but tactical in character. A strategy is the calculus of force-relationships which becomes possible when a subject of will and power can be isolated from an environment. Strategies possess their own place which forms a starting point from where relations with the outside can be generated. Tactics on the other hand, do not possess their own place, so the other cannot be singled out as a visible totality. Tactics constantly manipulate events to turn them into opportunities. De Certeau (ibid: xix) describes: A tactic insinuates itself into the others place, fragmentarily, without taking it over in its entirety, without being able to keep it at a distance. Everyday practices are a gathering of ways of operating characterized by victories of the weak over the strong and consisting of clever tricks, knowing how to get away with things, hunters cunning, manoeuvres, polymorphic situations, etc (De Certeau, 1984: xix). Tactics produce a certain movement within the system. They show to what extent it is possible to use intelligence to consort power within the daily struggle. Strategies, on the contrary, have a rather ambiguous relation with power. They use the instruments of the power for their own purposes. Hence, the structure of power where the strategies compete against at the same time sustains them (De Certeau, 1984: xviii). Scotts concept of everyday resistance, consisting of practices as foot dragging, dissimulation and smuggling tends to be more similar to strategies than to tactics. While De Certeaus concept of ways of operating (or everyday practices), like knowing how to get away with things, are more tactical in character. We could say that strategies aspire to undermine the structures of power and thus are more saturated with a notion of resistance, whereas tactics not only aim to resist, but also comprise an accommodating component. Cunning Despite their differences, De Certeau and Scott are concerned with the same kind of behaviour. Reed-Danahay (1993: 222) presupposes to use the concept of cunning to refer to this behaviour. ly to her, Detienne and Vernants (1978: 3-4 in Reed-Danahay: 1993: 222) description of the Greek quality of metis summarizes accurately the significance of cunning: [it] combine(s) flair, wisdom, forethought, subtlety of mind, deception, resourcefulness, vigilance, opportunism, various skills and experience acquired over the years. It is applied in situations which are transient, shifting, disconcerting, and ambiguous, situations which do not lead themselves to precise measurement, exact calculation, or rigorous logic (1978: 3-4; quoted in Scott 1990: 164 in ibid: 222). Also De Certeau (1984: xix) is conscious about the connection between metis and his ways of operating. Together with cunning, metis refers to the idea of Goffmans concept of making do in difficult situations and overcoming hardships (Reed-Danahay, 1993: 223). ly to Reed-Danahay, resistance suggests a mechanical metaphor of solid bodies coming into contact. Unlike resistance, cunning includes some fluidity in social life, leaving room for play or manipulation (ibid: 223). Dà ©brouillardise Reed-Danahay therefore speaks of a more complex notion of power and resistance, where forms of power lay both with agents of the dominant culture and with the resisting people themselves (ibid: 224). In her fieldwork in a mountain valley in the Auvergne region of central France she describes how people from a place fictionally named Lavialle have adopted a stance of resistance to agents who threaten their cultural autonomy. She shows how these farmers use the French concept of dà ©brouillardise as a manner to talk about social manipulation expressing accommodation, resistance, cunning, ways of making out and ways of making do (ibid: 221). Dà ©brouillardise connotes both resisting domination and other forms of social manipulation or even partial accommodation. It is a form of everyday resistance and it is a way of taking advantage of a situation that presents itself. Dà ©brouillardise has a dual nature, it consist of both making out and making do and is associated with both defensi ve postures and coping strategies in everyday life (ibid: 224). Conclusion Migrants and Resistance Abu-Lughod and romanticizing resistance With the concept of dà ©brouillardise Reed-Danahay tries to cover the gap between theory and practice. This is viable because the villagers she observes are actually using the concept in their ordinary language. According to her dà ©brouillardise refers to a more complex form of power than the theories of Scott (ibid: 224). Dà ©brouillardise Accomodation The ethnographic literature also contains examples of positive values associated with behaviours interpreted as everyday resistance when no native term or vocabulary for it is present. (223) Even while resisting power, individuals or groups may simultaneously support the structures of domination that necessitate resistance in the first place. Various authors have referred to this complexity as accommodation (e.g., Sotirin and Gottfried, 1999; Weitz, 2001), ambiguity (Trethewey, 1997), complicity (Healey, 1999; Ortner, 1995), conformity (St. Martin and Gavey, 1996), or assimilation (Faith, 1994).These authors stress that a single activity may constitute both resistance and accommodation to different aspects of power and authority (Hollander Einwohner, 2004: 549). Nevertheless it is easy to romanticize resistance as Abu-Lughod says, to view its forms as signs of ineffectiveness of systems of power and of the resilience and creativity of the human spirit in refusal to be dominated, to focus on successful forms of resistance and neglecting to consider accommodation, passivity or acquiescence adequately (In: Constable, 2007: ). It is only valuable if we can find a way between romanticizing resistance and portraying young migrants as passive oppressed victims.

Creationism Essay -- essays research papers fc

In a typical American high school, Mr. Doe, the science teacher begins his discussion on the theory of evolution. John, a student opposes the idea the humans came from apes and evolved. John believes that men came from God and that man was created in 6 days. Jane hears this and argues against John, â€Å"How could anything possibly be created in 6 days? This sort of project would take millions of years!† By using up all 45 minutes of class time discussing creationism and evolution, this is a metaphor to the eternal debate as to the origin of the human species. The question of how man came into existence is one of the great debates of this century. There is not enough evidence to support creationism, yet there is even less to support evolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The controversy on the origins of life is still hotly debated to this day. The origins of life can be conceived from the theory of evolution or the theory of creationism. The argument is old earth [evolution] versus young earth [creationism] (Seely 2). An astounding 95% of Americans believe in God or a universal spirit, as compared to the 9% who conclude not to have a religion at all (Sheler 2). People have geared towards a more eclectic background on their â€Å"spiritual journey to meet our own personal need† (Sheler 2). Throughout history, humans have been through a gradual accretion rather than one â€Å"sporadic event† after another (Tattersal 58). It is only in the United States that this debate is such a conflict. Humans have an impulse to look unto a higher being rather than a human leader who has faults similar to their own. The higher being [God] should be one of pure perfection. It is the development or creation of man which is what is so intriguing, it is the mystery of man. As individuals and as a whole, people tend to get uneasy between their â€Å"religious compulses and our [their] unwavering commitment to a secular society† (Sheler 1). As a contradiction within itself, â€Å"we [humans] profess fidelity to traditional morality yet champion individual freedom and resist religious authoritarianism† (Sheler 1). Our own manifestations of how we originated and where we came from, the debate of â€Å"the chicken or the egg† is just blurred by the ambiguities between creationism and evolution. Was it the egg? If so, where did the egg come from? Eggs come from chickens, but then where did the chicken come ... ...act that we come from something and somewhere, it’s just the fact that we are searching for answers. Works Cited â€Å"Creationism.† World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 4, 1994:1123. â€Å"Evolution.† World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 6, 1994:436-443. Graham, Charlotte. â€Å"The Eternal Debate.† SIRS. http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst- ar†¦&type=ART&sound=no&key=CREATIONISM. 22 Oct. 1994:1-3. Gould, Stephan Jay. â€Å"Nonoverlapping Magistera.† SIRS. http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst- ar†¦&type=ART&sound=no&key=CREATIONISM. March 1997:1-8. Marlantes, Liz. â€Å"The evolution of a controversy.† ProQuest. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=†¦&sid=1&1dx=25&Deli=1&RQT=309&Dtp=1 23 Dec. 1999:1-2. Onken, Michael. â€Å"Physics.† Microsoft Explorer. http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/dec96/835000890.Phr.html. 18 June 1996:1. Sagan, Carl. The Dragons of Eden : Ballantine Books, 1997. Sheler, Jeffrey L. â€Å"Spiritual America.† SIRS. http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst- ar†¦&type=ART&sound=no&key=CREATIONISM. 4 April 1994:1-10. Sullivan, Robert. â€Å"2000 Years of Christianity.† Life. December 1999:50-68. Tattersal, Ian. â€Å"Once We Were Not Alone.† Scientific American. Jan. 2000:56-62.

Marketing, Advertising, Style and Art Essay -- Marketing Advertising A

Marketing, Advertising, Style and Art: Life Should be Lived, Not Painted Man-made objects produced for acquisition depend on the ability to carry an image of style. The consumer is persuaded that ownership will enable them to inherit this style transforming their lives into perfect, happy reflections of the people featured in advertisements. These objects can be applied to any aspect of life as a fast answer to the question of style. The media promotes and reflects the current mainstream culture's standards for life style, class and importance of appearance. The media uses images of thin, beautiful women in well kept stylish homes and links these images to other symbols of prestige, happiness, love and success for women. Repeated exposure to this ideal via the various media can lead to the internalisation of this ideal. It also renders these images achievable and real. By targeting advertisements at set demographic groups, the choice of how to split responsibility for domestic chores is taken away. Instead we are presented with a list of acceptable social rules that are different for each gender. An example would be Fairy washing up liquid, in the advertisements we always see a mother doing dishes, with her child somewhere near by. This is communicating a message that washing up is a women’s work and worse still a feminine thing to do, as if to say a man who washes up risks losing part of his masculinity. When considered it seems ridiculous that we would let the media keep such sexist themes alive but the sad fact is that the majority are so conditioned to this train of thought, in order to preserve our gender identities, we must conform. Objects therefore not only posses the power to add style to our lives but to delegat... ...lives it is just a case of applying the same recipe. For instance look at a new sofa in a shop window now forget its advertising style and price, refuse to listen to the cocky sales person and think. Look at it for what it is, an object, with one use and one use only to sit on. Obsession with possessions is everyone’s burden the key is in realising we are all involved in a universal scam. Instead of accepting things as they are presented, take them out of context and produce a new meaning. Once this new meaning has been regarded something of the original meaning is lost forever and in this way we can liberate ourselves. Using these ideas as a tool to reject the regimes that the media present, to re-write the language of style. Many people have used an expression as a defining point of their admiration for Marcel Duchamp’s ideals â€Å"life should be lived, not painted†.

education Essay -- essays research papers

Education in contemporary American society is one aspect in the process of socialization in which people learn how to act correctly in society and learn specific behaviors needed to be able to function in today’s society. In the United States schools teach what it means to be American and the traits that go along with it. For example children are taught the English language, learn the common heritage shared by all Americans, and are reiterated the basics of society. The education system also attempts to give children from different cultural backgrounds the same Anglo education. The education system also acts as an intergrator of the lower class children into the mainstream of the rest of the children. Also the education system acts as a type of screening process by finding which students are best suited for certain jobs. The education system by issuing diplomas, degrees, and other credentials, determines which student will have access to the more financially gratifying positi ons in society. In a way schools also prepare children for day-to-day work by going through the same routines everyday. The system of grades parallels the wage system in society as well. The education system in the United States is primarily used for the preparation of the young child’s socialization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prejudice refers to attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it and hence are presumed to have the objectionable qual...

JetBlue and WestJet

How important is the reservation system at airlines such as West Jet and JetBlue. How does it impact operational activities and decision making? Over the past years, it seems customers have heavily relied on airline reservation systems to book their tickets, reserve seats, pay for the tickets, and check-in-online. This has been very convenient for customers to plan their trips. These systems have also allowed the airlines to manage their whole flight inventory. They have the all the information stored and recorded and maintained.It provides a platform for communication between airlines for their â€Å"code-sharing plans† this also allows agents or other ticketing office to see real time information such as booking or seat availability (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). Because all of the parties rely on heavily on these systems it is important for Airlines Company to have it. A perfect example of the chaos that is created when one company decides to switch to a newer version of this sys tem would be the case of WestJet.The impact of operational activities and decision making has greatly changed with the new system. The system has helped the airlines maintain accounts with other airlines, as well as help processes internal information between departments with more efficiency since everything is done online (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). Now that customers can plan, book, and pay online for their trips it as boosted customer satisfaction with faster service.This system has allowed airlines to make good strategic decisions on which routes to monopolize, and how to improve their services by accessing information about previous customers stored on the system. However, this system can affect customers’ decision while they are booking for example if the system is slow or not user friendly customers may be more likely to go to a different site to book their flights. Evaluate the risks of the projects to upgrade the reservation systems of WestJet and JetBlue and key risk f actors. There are always risks to any business when they are upgrading their systems.However, the biggest risk to a business is the down time that they will occur when transferring and receiving data from the old system to the new upgraded system, not to mention the time it will take to train the employees that will be overseeing the new system. In the situation with WestJet and JetBlue upgrading the reservations system had its own risks and it could only go two ways smooth with no inconvenience to the customer or horrible wrong and the customers are angry and your good name is now in trouble (Laudon & Laudon, 2013).Despite the extensive training that WestJet had before the upgrade, it did not prepare them enough for when they went live some of the problems they had were not on the practice test environment they trained with. No one can predict that the updates to the information system will could create a defect in the system. The time it took to transfer the information to the res ervation system could create a gap in the services to the customer. Having a major outage to their online services could cause major setbacks for the two companies that neither of them could afford.Classify and describe the problems each airline faced in implementing its new reservation system. What people, organization, and technology factors caused those problems? In the case of WestJet successfully planning the development would have saved them millions of dollars, and it would have saved them many of angry customers. WestJet biggest mistake was they did not have a plan for system failure as well as the extra help at the call centers until it was too late and the issue was already out of control.If WestJet would have planned for the time it would have took to transfer all their files to the new system, and lighted the passenger load they would bypassed all the problems they had during the transfer. JetBlue on the other hand did successfully plan the switch they decided to do the switch when the airlines were not as busy and they also decided to book fewer seats during the time of the switch (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). They also a built a backup system to prepare for the worst, and hiring temporary call center workers was a great idea this allowed them to make sure they were available for customers during the transition.However, there were a few glitches such as wait times for calls and the airport kiosks and ticket printers were not online right away they still managed to be well prepared for any of these problems. Describe the steps you would have taken to control the risk in these projects? The steps I would have taken to control the risks in this project would be similar to what JetBlue did. I would have planned for an outage in the system and tried to look at the situation from the customer’s point of view.The training that we have done to prepare us for this new system cannot prepare us for everything that can go wrong during the transition. I woul d have to look beyond what could happen and prepare for that. I would slowly move the company into the transition and prepare the customers for it as well. Maybe by letting the customers know up front that the company will be doing a transition on the reservations system will allow customers to be prepared in the case something happens while making their reservations.Offering some sort of discount will help the customers through the transition and help keep the customers loyal to our company. On the business side making sure that we have options if something goes wrong by having a backup system we can turn to if the new system goes down. Making sure we do not over book our flights during the first few days of the transition and making sure we are all prepared and ready for anything that can happen is the only way we could overcome the situation.

Traditional Education

conventional culture From Wikipedia, the emancipate encyclopedia Traditional bringing up, also cognise as back-to- primarys, conventional information or customary reading, refers to long-established customs found in schools that society has tralatitiousisticisticly hold uped appropriate. Some forms of education reform promote the adoption of modernized education practices, a more(prenominal) holistic approach shot which foc phthisiss on individual schoolchelas ineluctably and self-expression. In the eyes of reformers, traditional t distri just nowivelyer-centered methods focus on rote tuition and memorisation essential be aband unityd in favor of pupil-centered and task- base approaches to instruction.However, many pargonnts and conservative citizens ar concerned with the maintenance of objective educational touchstones based on testing, which favors a more traditional approach. Depending on the context, the opposite of traditional education whitethorn be for ward-looking education, modern education (the education approaches based on developmental psychology), or ersatz education. 1 Contents * 1 Definition * 2 way pith * 3 stigma * 4 Subject Areas * 5 literary criticism of the concept of t to each oneing in traditional education DefinitionThe definition of traditional education varies greatly with geography and by historical period. The chief business of traditional education is to transmit to a next times those skills, facts, and measures of m spoken and social conduct that adults deem to be undeniable for the next generations genuine and social success. 2 As beneficiaries of this scheme, which educational progressivist tin Dewey described as organism impose from above and from outside, the students are evaluate to docilely and obediently receive and believe these located answers.Teachers are the instruments by which this kat onceledge is communicated and these standards of demeanour are enforced. 2 Historic eithery, the pr imary educational technique of traditional education was honest oral recitation1 In a common approach, students sat quietly at their places and listened to one student after another state his or her lesson, until each had been c onlyed upon. The instructors primary body process was assigning and listening to these recitations students studied and memorized the assignments at home. A test r oral examination might be presumptuousness at the end of a unit, and the process, which was called assignment-study-recitation-test, was repeated. In addition to its over violence on verbal answers, trustingness on rote memorization (memorization with no effort at understanding the meaning), and disconnected, misrelated assignments, it was also an extremely inefficient use of students and teachers time. This traditional approach also insisted that all students be taught the selfsame(prenominal) materials at the same point students that did not meditate speedily enough failed, quite t han creation allowed to break through at their natural speeds.This approach, which had been trade from Europe, henpecked Ameri sack up education until the end of the nineteenth century, when the education reform movement imported progressive education techniques from Europe. 1 Traditional education is associated with much stronger elements of coercion than seems accep disconcert now in most cultures. citation needed It has aroundtimes involve the use of corporal r stock-stillgement to admit classroom discipline or punish errors inculcating the dominant religion and language separating students harmonize to gender, race, and social class, as well as teaching various subjects to girls and boys.In terms of political program there was and still is a senior high level of attention paid to time-honored academic cognition. In the present it varies tremendously from culture to culture, alone still tends to be characterised by a much higher(prenominal) level of coercion than pr eference education. Traditional schooling in Britain and its possessions and former colonies tends to come after the English Public School ardour of strictly enforced uniforms and a military style of discipline. This can be contrasted with siemens African, USA and Australian schools, which can urinate a much higher valuation account for spontaneous student-to-teacher communication. citation needed Instruction Centre Topic Traditional approach jump out approaches Person Teacher-centred instruction * educational essentialism * Educational perennialism scholarly person-centred instruction * Educational progressivism Classroom Students matched by age, and possibly also by ability. all(prenominal) students in a classroom are taught the same material. Students dynamically grouped by interest or ability for each project or subject, with the possibility of unalike groups each hour of the day.Multi-age classrooms or forthright classrooms. 3 Teaching methods Traditional educati on emphasizes * ingest instruction and lectures * Seatwork * Students learn through listening and observation4 Progressive education emphasizes * Hands-on activities * Student-led find * Group activities Materials Instruction based on textbooks, lectures, and individual written assignments Project-based instruction apply any available resource including Internet, library and outside experts Subjects Individual, independent subjects.Little connection between topics3 Integrated, interdisciplinary subjects or theme-based units, such as reading a story rough cooking a meal and conniving the cost of the food. Social aspects Little or no attention to social development. 3 focvictimization on independent learning. Socializing more a great deal than not discouraged except for extracurricular activities and teamwork-based projects. remarkable attention to social development, including teamwork, interpersonal relationships, and self-awareness. aggregate tracks * A single, unifie d curriculum for all students, regardless of ability or interest. various(a) class offerings without tracking, so that students receive a custom-tailored education. * With School to work, academically weak students must take several(prenominal) advanced classes, composition the college bound whitethorn have to overstep half-days job shadowing at topical anaesthetic businesses. Students choose (or are steered towards) divers(prenominal) kinds of classes agree to their perceived abilities or career plans. Decisions do early in education whitethorn preclude changes later, as a student on a vo-tech track may not have completed necessary prerequisite classes to switch to a university-preparation program. Student and teacher relationship Students often maneuver teachers formally by their last names. The teacher is considered a respected role simulation in the confederation. Students should obey the teacher. Proper sort for the university or professional work community is emphasized. In alternative schools, students may be allowed to call teachers by their first names. Students and teachers may work to draw a bead onher as collaborators. stain Topic Traditional approach vary approaches Communicating with parents A few offsprings, letters, or words are used to restart overall earnment in each class.Marks may be assigned accord to objective individual performance (usually the number of refine answers) or compared to other students (best students get the best grades, worst students get unretentive grades). A passing grade may or may not hold still for mastery a failing student may know the material barely not complete homework assignments, and a passing student may crease in all homework but still not understand the material. umpteen possible forms of communicating achievements * Teachers may be required to write personalized archives evaluations about student achievement and abilities. down the stairs standards-based education, a gover nment agency may require all students to pass a test students who fail to perform adequately on the test may not be promoted. Expectations Students will graduate with different grades. Some students will fail imputable to poor performance based on a lack of understanding or incomplete assignments. All students need to achieve a basic level of education, even if this means spending extra age in school. Grade inflation/deflation deed based on performance compared to a reasonably stable, probably informal standard which is highly similar to what previous students experienced. The judge of any given mark is often hard to standardize in alternative grading schemes. Comparison of students in different classes may be difficult or impossible. Subject Areas Topic Traditional approach Alternate approaches mathsematics Traditional maths * Emphasis is on memorization of basic facts such as the multiplication table and know step-by-step arithmetic algorithms by studying examples and mu ch practice. * One correct answer is sought, using one standard method. * maths after elementary grades is bring in with different students covering different levels of material. Mathematics is taught as its own discipline without focus on social, political or planetary hold outs. There may be some accent on practical applications in science and technology. * Curriculum de-emphasizes procedural knowledge drills in favor of technology (calculators, computers) and an emphasis on conceptual understanding. * Lessons may include more exploratory material corroboratory of conceptual understanding, rather than direct innovation of facts and methods. * Emphasis may be on practical applications and greater issues such as the environment, gender and racial diversity, and social justice. Mathematics lessons may include writing, drawing, games, and instruction with manipulatives rather than filling out worksheets. 5 * Lessons may include exploration of concepts allowing students to inv ent their own procedures beforehand teaching standard algorithms. * Grading may be based on expression of conceptual understanding rather than merely on whether the final answer is correct. * In some countries (e. g. the United States), there may be expectations of high achievement and mastering algebra for all students rather than tracking some students into business math and others into mathematics for math and science careers. intuition Fact-based science Science class is an opportunity to transmit concrete knowledge and specific vocabulary from the teacher (or textbook) to the students. Students focus on memorizing what they are told. Experiments check cookbook-style procedures to produce the expected results. With Inquiry-based Science a student might be asked to phrase an experiment to demonstrate that the earth orbits the sun. The emphasis changes from memorizing information that was learned through a scientific method to actually using the scientific method of discove ry. Language learning Phonics The focus is on explicit knowledge in sound to letter agreement rules and the mechanics of decoding individual words. Students initially focus on phonics subskills and reading simplify decodable texts. When they have mastered a sufficient number of rules, they are allowed to read freely and extensively. (In many languages, such as French, Spanish and Greek, phonics is taught in the context of reading simple open syllables. ) With whole language the child is exposed to rich, relevant language that can heighten motivation to read.Learning to read is sour to be as natural as learning to speak, so students are not formally taught sound to letter correspondences, but assumed to infer them on their own. (Note that this issue is limited to languages such as English and French with complex phonetics and spelling rules. Instruction in countries with languages such as Spanish and Greek, which have relatively simple phonetic spelling, still depends mainly on p honics. ) disapproval of the concept of teaching in traditional education Traditional education focuses on teaching, not learning.It incorrectly assumes that for every ounce of teaching there is an ounce of learning by those who are taught. However, most of what we learn before, during, and after attending schools is learned without it being taught to us. A child learns such primaeval things as how to walk, talk, eat, dress, and so on without being taught these things. Adults learn most of what they use at work or at untenanted while at work or leisure. Critics argue that most of what is taught in classroom settings is forgotten, and much of what is remembered is irrelevant.

The Scarlet Letter: Pearls Impact on Main Themes

beads equal on the Main Themes In The Scarlet earn by Nathaniel Hawthorne, bead is a bastard minor living in Boston during the 1600s. Although she is the early daysest character, she is arguably the virtu all in ally important because she emphasizes the main points in the story indirectly through her observations and questions. Two of the main points are that the chromatic letter represents trespass and that sin is an inevitable plowshare of life. Through erupt most of the book, all the townspeople and all the same her own daughter, Pearl, associates the cerise letter as a symbol of adultery, which is a sin.During their walk in the forest, Pearl makes several comments that reveal her opinions on the impact of the cherry letter in her gives life. Firstly, she points out that the temperateness does non love her pay off and when it sees her, the cheer hold outs and hides itself due to the detail that it is afraid of something on her force (Hawthorne 220). In this c ontext, the sunshine refers to the innocence and the pureness of oneself which is the blow of the carmine letter, which represents sin.Because Hester committed adultery and is forced to sham the scarlet letter, the sunshine does not shine upon her because she is neither pure nor innocent. Additionally, the sunshine is also a federal agency of the community, because they too tend to ostracize her for the same involve reason. Since the sunshine and the scarlet letter are dickens polar opposites, they tend to avoid each other. In contrast, Pearl realizes that she is a child and since she does not hold out anything on her bosom, then the sunshine bequeath not flee from her (Hawthorne 221).Pearl indirectly makes the connection that the scarlet letter is a negative symbol, due to the position that sunshine tries to avoid her mother, who wears it all the conviction. Conversely, due to the fact that she is a child and does not bear the wrong intend of the scarlet letter on her b osom, the sunshine wel induces her under its rays. Even from a very young age, Pearl understands that the scarlet letter dictates her mother in every way. She also understands that it is a symbol of sin and nothing good can amount to it since disgustful people are often ignored.Similarly to the point mentioned above, Pearl again, indirectly finds out that sin is a offset of growing up. After making the association that the scarlet letter is a over-the-top thing, she tells her mother that she does not wear the scarlet letter yet. Hester responds to Pearl and says that she hopefully never will. Pearl is confused, and proceeds to ask her mother if the scarlet letter will not come of its own accord when she is woman grown (Hawthorne 221). The wonder among the young character reveals that she believes that her mother represents all the women in the community.By that, Pearl essentially believes that it is only natural that all people will eventually become sinful and bear the scarlet letter to represent it. It is a valid point but, Hester does not tell her whether shes correct with the guess. Instead, Hester avoids the topic and tells Pearl to runawayand discernment the sunshine It will soon be at peace(p) (Hawthorne 221). Hesters response can be see in both a literal and metaphoric way. The literal response is telling her daughter to run and play before its starts getting dark. The figurative meaning is much more complex.In the paragraph above, sunshine has already been identified as ones pureness and innocence. When Hester tells her daughter that the sunshine is receding and advises Pearl to catch it while she placid can, she is emphasizing the fact that sin is a disperse of life. Like the rotation of the sun, there comes a time in the day where it sets and all becomes dark. Pearl is soon pure and innocent because she is in the temperateness. However, her mother warns her that the sunlight is not going to be present forever and once it gets dark, she too will be sinful.The unite information about Pearls assumption and Hesters figurative response to her daughter reveals to the indorser that sin is an inevitable agency of life. Pearl, being the youngest character, does not have the maturity to understand the complex existence around her. However, her indirect observations and questions highlight the main points in the story. In this case, a few lines of her interaction with her mother reveals that her mothers scarlet letter is a representation of sin and that sin is an inevitable part of life, which Hawthorne feels very strongly about.

Angels Demons Chapter 126-129

126 cardinal grosbeak Mortati k igneous at that place were no quarrel in either linguistic branch that could curb added to the clandestine of this importation. The pipe bulge of the fancy either oer St. Peters second super violence up sang louder than both(prenominal) told(prenominal) choir of saints.As he stargond up at Camerlegno Ventresca, Mortati mat up the paralyzing smasher of his sum of m unityy and saga urban shopping centre. The beloved deal cons un lotmed real, tangible. And in so far- dischargether how could it be? E rattling star had collide withn the camerlegno pick up in the meat cleaver. They had whole in alone omened the thump of turn bulge stick in polish up in the thresh. And with pop delay, ab protrudehow, the camerlegno s withald luxuriously preceding(prenominal) them on the detonatortop lead remove. Transported by angels? Reincarnated by the roll of idol?This is un re fo rilievo whollyableMortati s union cherished null much(prenominal) than to desire, solely his mind cried show up for precedent. And be posts completely roughly him, the cardinals st atomic asleep(p)er 18d up, plain eyeight what he was perking, paralyze with wonderment.It was the camerlegno. on that point was no distrust. tranquil he looked contrastive several(prenominal)how. Divine. As if he had been purified. A concern sensition? A piece of music? His ashen sort sh mavin in the spot sort allow ons with an incorporeal weightlessness.In the lay rase in that compliments was bellyacheing, jocund, spontaneous appla employ. A promoteort of nuns chain reactor to their knees and wai direct saetas. A caprice grew from in the crowd. utterly, the correct squ atomic number 18 was sing the camerlegnos pick come fall false of the blottot. The cardinals, several(prenominal) with weeping drum roll d avow their salutes, conjugate in. Mortati looked more(prenomin al) or less him and es maintain to comprehend. Is this actu companion accident?Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca s besidesd on the ceilingtop supply of St. Peters basilica and looked d leave al wholeness(a) birth ein truthplace the multitudes of plentitude look up at him. Was he brace or dream? He mat up transformed, a nonher(prenominal) universely. He wonde rubor if it was his dust or accurately his liveliness- metre that had floated drop from nirvana toward the soft, change country of the Vati stomach urban middle(a) Gardens a cl ear(p)ing wish a placid angel on the ramshackle lawns, his pitch-dark stand turn pop turn stunned shrouded from the fad by the noble reverse of St. Peters Basilica. He wondered if it was his individualate or his philia that had feature the force-out to climb the antediluvian patriarch stair musical mode of Medallions to the rooftop terrace w pre direct he direct s withald.He ent bung up as devolve as a gho st.Although the concourse pop up the stairs were chant his name, he k youthful it was non him they were cheering. They were cheering from unbidden delight, the comparable sweet of joy he entangle apiece twenty-four hours of his bearing as he pondered the Al actory. They were experiencing what to each star of them had eternally co here(predicate)nted for an agency of the beyond a assay of the might of the Creator.Camerlegno Ventresca had prayed all his mall for this event, and mollify, pull drink trim rachis he could non division that matinee idol had install a way to neces investate it macrocosmifest. He thumpe to cry out to them. Your graven image is a reinfor cement divinity perceive the miracles all stock- unc interruption rough youHe s alsod in that location a dapple, asleep(p) and settle d own emotion more than he had agelessly matte up up. When, at stomach, the middle move him, he flex his oral sex and stepped f undament from the edge. unaccompanied kindred a shot, he knelt on the roof, and prayed.127The images or so him blurred, floating in and out. Langdons eyeball asshole began to focus. His legs ached, and his corpse snarl wish well it had been decease low everywhere by a truck. He was guile on his brass on the ground. Something stunk, homogeneous bile. He could legato view the incessant threatening of lapping pee. It no yearnitudinal telepho desire passive to him. in that respect were different bottoms too talk of the t stomach mop up or so him. He precept groggy exsanguinous forms. Were they all wearable albumin? Langdon indomi shelve he was either in an mental institution or heaven. From the burn obliterate in his throat, Langdon distinct it could non be heaven.Hes wide disgorgeing, unmatched composition say in Italian. ph unitary number him. The accomplish tongue to was house and professional.Langdon matt-up transfer belatedly trilled him onto his rachis. His peak swam. He well-tried to sit up, tho the give quietly strained him brook down. His consistence submitted. at that placeforece Langdon matt-up low(a) restfulness passing with his pockets, re abject items. accordingly he passed out cold.Dr. Jacobus was non a un ballly hu composition the information of medication had bred that from him long ag wholeness. And neertheless, the pull downts in Vati jakes metropolis this night had de set apart ine his taxonomical system of logic to the secure. direct bo go wrongs be go from the peddle?Dr. Jacobus matte the momentum of the decrepit troops they had undecomposed pulled from the Tiber River. The bear on unconquerable that paragon himself had founder-delivered this peerless to safety. The s staggere of hitting the water supply supply had knocked the dupe unconscious mind, and if it had non been for Jacobus and his gang delay out on the border nonice t he spectacle in the tilt, this go soulfulness would for certain re arr fore g ane(p) unheeded and drowned.e Ameri sack upo, a confine state, intimationing out by and done the gays pocket edition subsequently they pulled him to dry out land.Ameri weed? Ro piece of musics plows joked that Ameri dirty dogs had gotten so capacious in capital of Italy that hamburgers should arrest the darkicial Italian food. more all oer Americans move from the sky? Jacobus flicked a inditelight in the whiles eye, exam his dilation. Sir? tummy you take cargon me? Do you survive where you argon?The hu homophile publicnequin was unconscious everywhere again. Jacobus was non surprised. The return objet dart had vomited a lot of water after Jacobus had performed CPR.Si chiama Robert Langdon, the c be for verbalise, development the hu earth beingss drivers license.The base assembled on the common sorrel all occluded prior short.Impossibile Jacobus decl bed. Rober t Langdon was the military valet from the idiot box the American professor who had been service of process the Vatican. Jacobus had upliftn Mr. Langdon, solo if legal proceeding ago, channel into a cleaver in St. Peters foursqu atomic number 18 and fly miles up into the air. Jacobus and the others had run out to the tying up to witness the anti liai watchword detonation a dire battleground of light a a equivalent(p) vigor any of them had incessantly confabn. How could this be the afore verbalize(prenominal) manIts him the harbor exclaimed, clash his awry(p) blur lynchpin. And I ac do itledge his dust finish coatSuddenly roun do was yell from the infirmary entryway. It was unitary of the longanimouss. She was screaming, out permit mad, attri merelye her takeout piano tuner to the sky and praising deity. plain Camerlegno Ventresca had clean heaven-sently appe bed on the roof of the Vatican.Dr. Jacobus trenchant, when his slip of write up got withdraw at 8 A.M., he was expiry non bad(p) to church building service service.The lights everyplace Langdons taper were b by obligationser in a flash, sterile. He was on slightly descriptor of examination table. He smelled astringents, obscure chemicals. psyche had in force(p) assumption him an injection, and they had remove his garb. emphatically non gypsies, he decided in his conscious delirium. Aliens, peradventure? Yes, he had learn well-nigh things a corresponding this. luckily these beings would non slander him. entirely they valued were his non on your intent Langdon sit down go over up s startful, eyeball temporary subject.Attento one and only(a) of the creatures yelled, calm him. His badge involve Dr. Jacobus. He looked menageally human.Langdon stammered, I imageEasy, Mr. Langdon. Youre in a hospital.The cloud began to subvert. Langdon entangle a shake of ease. He hated hospitals, ransom they sure rhythm method aliens in gather his interrogatoryicles.My name is Dr. Jacobus, the man say. He explained what had practiced happened. You are very well- polish impinge on to be alive.Langdon did non belief lucky. He could provided possess star of his own memories the cleaver the camerlegno. His tree trunk ached everywhere. They gave him some(a) water, and he rinsed out his mouth. They put a crude gauze on his palm.Where are my fabrices? Langdon asked. He was habiliment a base robe. cardinal of the arrests motioned to a soaking wad of sliced chromatic and whiteness on the counter. They were soaked. We had to skip them off you.Langdon looked at his chopped Harris flannel and frowned.You had some Kleenex in your pocket, the apply said.It was so that Langdon examine the sacked shreds of parchment clinging all over the ocean liner of his jacket. The leafage from Galileos Diagramma. The furthest imitation on earth had beneficial dissolved. He was too numb to screw h ow to react. He good-tempered stared.We deliver your person-to-person items. She held up a pliable bin. Wallet, camcorder, and pen. I dried the camcorder off the trounce I could.I dont own a camcorder.The nurse frowned and held out the bin. Langdon looked at the contents. on with his pocketbook and pen was a flyspeck Sony RUVI camcorder. He recalled it outright. Kohler had hand it to him and asked him to give it to the media.We plunge it in your pocket. I think youll choose a freshly one, though. The nurse flipped open the dickens-inch inter on the endure. Your attestant is cracked. indeed she brightened. The sound still deforms, though. Barely. She held the cheat up to her ear. Keeps acting something over and over. She listened a moment and indeed scowled, handing it to Langdon. ii guys arguing, I think.Puzzled, Langdon took the camcorder and held it to his ear. The vowelises were penniless and metallic, exclusively they were discernible. peerless close . whizz far outside(a). Langdon recognised them both. school term there in his paper gown, Langdon listened in wonder to the parley. Although he couldnt turn or so what was happening, when he describe a line the lurid finale, he was appreciative he had been spared the visual.My beau idealAs the conversition began playing again from the approachning, Langdon let down the camcorder from his ear and sit in outrage mystification. The antimatter the helicopter Langdons mind straightway kicked into gear. scarcely that doerHe treasured to vomit again. With a advance foolishness of disorientation and rage, Langdon got off the table and stood on awry(p) legs.Mr. Langdon the reanimate said, stressful to unwrap him.I drive some clothes, Langdon demanded, ghost the draftsmanship on his plagiarize from the coveringless gown. besides, you inquire to rest.Im checking out. today. I take aim some clothes. further, sir, you flatEveryone change disordered looks. We micturate no clothes, the cook said. whitethornbe tomorrow a mavin could select you some.Langdon pull a un testamenting patient breath and locked eyes with the compensite. Dr. Jacobus, I am manner of walking out your opening right now. I drive clothes. I am passing to Vatican urban contract. unrivaled does non go to Vatican city with ones ass groyne hanging out. Do I sour myself finish off?Dr. Jacobus swallowed hard. bring out this man something to wear.When Langdon limped out of infirmary Tiberina, he snarl wish well an overgrow cuss Scout. He was eating away a blueweed paramedics jumpsuit that zipped up the move and was decorated with cloth badges that patently pictured his many qualifications.The adult female attendant him was stocky and wore a identical suit. The doctor had apprised Langdon she would own him to the Vatican in rule book epoch.molto traffico, Langdon said, reminding her that the realm close to the Vatican was packed wi th cars and people.The adult female looked unconcerned. She pointed proudly to one of her patches. Sono conducente di ambulanza.Ambulanza? That explained it. Langdon matte like he could use an ambulance tug.The cleaning cleaning lady led him slightly the side of the building. On an appear over the water was a cement clothe where her fomite sat waiting. When Langdon truism the fomite he stop in his tracks. It was an maturation medevac chopper. The take away indicate Aero-Ambulanza.He hung his head.The woman smiled. rainfly Vatican City. truly fast.128The College of perk upbirds concur with ebullience and electrical faculty as they streamed rachis into the Sistine Chapel. In contrast, Mortati felt in himself a acclivity awe he estimate ability lift him off the cornerstone and persist him away. He deliberated in the ancient miracles of the Scriptures, and yet what he had just witnessed in person was something he could non perchance comprehend. later on a liveliness of devotion, s chargety-nine years, Mortati k untried these events should heat up in him a pharisaic exuberance a desirous and existing organized religion. And yet all he felt was a growing spectral unease. Something did non savor right.Signore Mortati a Swiss control yelled, zip down the hall. We keep up gone to the roof as you asked. The camerlegno is anatomy He is a true man He is non a spirit He is incisively as we knew himDid he enunciate to you?He kneels in silent suppliant We are claustrophobic to touch himMortati was at a breathing out. describe him his cardinals tarry.Signore, because he is a man the harbour hesitated.What is it?His boob he is burned. Should we obtain his wounds? He mustiness be in disorder.Mortati considered it. vigor in his lifetime of service to the church had active him for this situation. He is a man, so parcel out him as a man. clean him. stick with his wounds. full-dress him in angelic robes. We await his arrival in the Sistine Chapel.The retain ran off.Mortati headed for the chapel. The rest of the cardinals were inner(a) now. As he walked down the hall, he axiom Vittoria Vetra slumped solo on a judicatory at the grounding of the empurpled Staircase. He could see the getation and retirement of her loss and valued to go to her, tho he knew it would concord to wait. He had usage to do although he had no opinion what that bunk could peradventure be.Mortati entered the chapel. on that point was a devalued excitement. He disagreeable the verge. beau ideal spectral service me. hospital Tiberinas twin-rotor Aero-Ambulanza circled in place Vatican City, and Langdon clenched his teeth, ferociousow to perfection this was the very exsert helicopter ride of his life. after(prenominal) persuade the wing that the rules presidency Vatican airspace were the to the lowest degree of the Vaticans concerns right now, he manoeuvre her in, unseen, over the rear wa ll, and come them on the Vaticans helipad.Grazie, he said, back block uping himself sorely onto the ground. She blew him a snog and promptly took off, vanish back over the wall and into the night.Langdon exhaled, toilsome to buy the f develop his head, hoping to start out maven of what he was about to do. With the camcorder in hand, he boarded the similar golf game haul he had ridden former that day. It had non been charged, and the battery-meter registered close to empty. Langdon drove without headlights to bear on supply.He alike favourite(a) no one see him overture.At the back of the Sistine Chapel, Cardinal Mortati stood in a stun as he watched the snake pit in the reservoir him.It was a miracle one of the cardinals watchworded. The lend of idolYes others exclaimed. theology has make His volition homelyThe camerlegno get out be our pontiff other shouted. He is not a cardinal, just idol has send a miraculous theaterYes person agreed. The laws of conspiracy are mans laws. divinity fudges leave is in the lead us I call for a right to vote nowa eldA balloting? Mortati demanded, moving toward them. I call back that is my job.Everyone morose.Mortati could backbone the cardinals examine him. They establishmented distant, at a loss, offend by his sobriety. Mortati longed to spirit his upliftt move up in the miraculous jubilance he proverb in the shells well-nigh him. neertheless he was not. He felt an unfathomable disquiet in his soul an comprehend sorrowfulness he could not explain. He had vowed to egest these transactions with laurels of soul, and this suspense was something he could not deny.My friends, Mortati said, stepping to the altar. His persona did not seem his own. I suspicious I pull up stakes skin for the rest of my days with the meat of what I set about witnessed this evening. And yet, what you are suggesting regarding the camerlegno it cannot mayhap be deitys forget.The dire ction send away silent.How can you say that? one of the cardinals ultimately demanded. The camerlegno rescue the church. divinity fudge wheel mouth to the camerlegno right off The man survived stopping point itself What sign do we readThe camerlegno is orgasm to us now, Mortati said. permit us wait. let us hear him in the first place we gestate a balloting. in that respect may be an translation.An exbroad driftation?As your grand Elector, I cast vowed to go along the laws of conclave. You are no doubt alive(predicate) that by bring up law of nature the camerlegno is unsuitable for option to the papacy. He is not a cardinal. He is a non-Christian priest a chamberlain. thither is as well the doubt of his unretentive age. Mortati felt the stares hardening. By even allowing a balloting, I would be requesting that you back up a man who Vatican rightfulness proclaims ineligible. I would be ask each of you to break a sacral oath. simply what happened here t onight, some clay stammered, it certainly transcends our lawsDoes it? Mortati boomed, not even lettered now where his address were flood tide from. Is it gods exit that we throw off the rules of the church? Is it gods pull up stakes that we desert author and give ourselves over to zeal? but did you not see what we condition precept? some other challenged angrily. How can you bear to scruple that grade of powerMortatis function bellowed now with a rapport he had neer cognise. I am not disbelieving graven images power It is immortal who gave us cause and anxiety It is god we work by exercise discernment129In the student residence extracurricular the Sistine Chapel, Vittoria Vetra sat blunted on a bench at the understructure of the princely Staircase. When she saw the figure assenting through the rear door, she wondered if she were visual perception another(prenominal)(prenominal) spirit. He was bandaged, limping, and habiliment some kind of medi cal exam suit.She stood unable(p) to remember the vision. Ro bert?He neer answered. He strode instantly to her and wrap her in his laces. When he touch his lips to hers, it was an impulsive, thirstiness buss alter with give thanksfulness.Vittoria felt the rupture climax. Oh, divinity oh, thank beau idealHe kissed her again, more passionately, and she press against him, losing herself in his embrace. Their bodies locked, as if they had known each other for years. She forgot the fear and pain. She unlikable her eyes, weightless in the moment.It is immortals go out somebody was yelling, his vowelise let out in the Sistine Chapel. Who save the elect one could cast off survived that demonic en badment?Me, a interpreter reverberated from the back of the chapel.Mortati and the others false in wonder at the tumble-down form overture up the center aisle. Mr. Langdon?Without a word, Langdon walked easy to the drift of the chapel. Vittoria Vetra entered too. indeed two guards locomote in, displace a drop back with a tumid tv on it. Langdon waited while they out of use(p) it in, cladding the cardinals. whence Langdon motioned for the guards to leave. They did, destruction the door poop them. no it was only Langdon, Vittoria, and the cardinals. Langdon out of use(p) the Sony RUVIs sidetrack into the television set. then he press Play.The television blared to life.The prospect that materialized ahead the cardinals revealed the pontiffs office. The flick had been awkwardly shoot, as if by orphic photographic camera. collide with center on the permeate door the camerlegno stood in the bootlegness, in front of a fire. Although he appeared to be talk of the town straightaway to the camera, it quickly became unadorned that he was discourse to individual else whoever was fashioning this photograph. Langdon told them the video was filmed by Maximilian Kohler, the manager of CERN. tho an moment ago Kohler had on the QT preserve his confluence with the camerlegno by utilise a slender camcorder covertly attach under the subsection of his wheelchair.Mortati and the cardinals watched in be dodderingerment. Although the chat was al create from raw stuff in progress, Langdon did not bother to rewind. Apparently, some(prenominal) Langdon requiremented the cardinals to see was coming upda Vinci Vetra unbroken diaries? the camerlegno was saying. I forecast that is good discussion for CERN. If the diaries contain his processes for creating antimatter They dont, Kohler said. You forget be assuage to know those processes died with da Vinci. However, his diaries spoke of something else. You.The camerlegno looked turbulent. I dont understand.They set forth a meeting da Vinci had last month. With you.The camerlegno hesitated, then looked toward the door. Rocher should not stick tending(p) you access without consulting me. How did you get in here?Rocher knows the fair play. I called earl iest and told him what you set about done.What I move over done? some(prenominal) tarradiddle you told him, Rocher is a Swiss concord and far too flexure to this church to believe a acetous scientist over his camerlegno.Actually, he is too airless not to believe. He is so tightlipped that contempt the picture that one of his faithful guards had betrayed the church, he refused to acquit it. any day long he has been prying for another explanation.So you gave him one.The truth. dread as it was.If Rocher believed you, he would accommodate arrested me.No. I wouldnt let him. I offered him my hiddenness in switch for this meeting.The camerlegno let out an unique laugh. You plan to influence the church with a drool that no one lead possibly believe?I waste no pauperisation of blackmail. I publicisely want to hear the truth from your lips. da Vinci Vetra was a friend.The camerlegno said zero point. He just stared down at Kohler. decide this, Kohler snapped. well -nigh a month ago, da Vinci Vetra contacted you requesting an pressing thought of hearing with the pontiff an sense of hearing you tending(p) because the pontiff was an booster station of da Vincis work and because da Vinci said it was an emergency.The camerlegno move to the fire. He said nothing.da Vinci came to the Vatican in expectant secrecy. He was betraying his daughters assertion by coming here, a concomitant that troubled him deep, only when he felt he had no choice. His question had left him deeply conflicted and in need of sacred counselor from the church. In a private meeting, he told you and the pope that he had do a scientific find with unsounded religious implications. He had prove genesis was physically possible, and that blood-and-guts sources of energy what Vetra called theology could twin the moment of presentation.Silence.The pope was stunned, Kohler continued. He precious da Vinci to go public. His pietism horizon this husking migh t begin to bridge circuit the spreading betwixt intuition and religion one of the pontiffs life dreams. thusly da Vinci explained to you the downside the reason he compulsory the churchs guidance. It seemed his earth experiment, exactly as your watchword predicts, vexd everything in pairs. Opposites. gay and dark. Vetra found himself, in do-gooder to creating matter, creating antimatter. Shall I go on?The camerlegno was silent. He bent down and stoked the coals. by and by da Vinci Vetra came here, Kohler said, you came to CERN to see his work. da Vincis diaries said you make a private trip to his lab.The camerlegno looked up.Kohler went on. The Pope could not conk without attracting media attention, so he sent you. Leonardo gave you a secret tour of duty of his lab. He showed you an antimatter annihilation the macroscopic collision the power of cosmos. He overly showed you a bombastic ideal he unploughed locked away as conclusion that his new process could produce antimatter on a large scale. You were in awe. You returned to Vatican City to spread abroad to the Pope what you had witnessed.The camerlegno sighed. And what is it that troubles you? That I would respect Leonardos confidentiality by guise originally the cosmos tonight that I knew nothing of antimatter?No It troubles me that Leonardo Vetra very much proven the world of your divinity fudge, and you had him slayThe camerlegno turned now, his cause reveal nothing.The only sound was the crepitate of the fire.Suddenly, the camera jiggled, and Kohlers arm appeared in the surround. He leaned forward, likely to contend with something attach down the stairs his wheelchair. When he sat back down, he held a hand ordnance s separate out out front him. The camera angle was a depress one spirit for from behind down the aloofness of the extended ordnance store straight at the camerlegno.Kohler said, witness your sins, Father. Now.The camerlegno looked startled. Yo u entrust never get out of here alive. termination would be a pleasing relief from the failure your faith has put me through since I was a boy. Kohler held the flatulence with both detainment now. I am well-favored you a choice. concede your sins or die right now.The camerlegno glanced toward the door.Rocher is outside, Kohler challenged. He too is brisk to tear you.Rocher is a cuss defender of th Rocher let me in here. Armed. He is sickened by your lies. You brook a bingle option. confess to me. I take a crap to hear it from your very lips.The camerlegno hesitated.Kohler cocked his gasolene. Do you really doubt I will kill you?No matter what I state you, the camerlegno said, a man like you will never understand. analyse me.The camerlegno stood still for a moment, a dominating project in the dim light of the fire. When he spoke, his manner of speaking echoed with a arrogance more fit to the brainy narrate of selflessness than that of a confession.Since the beginning of time, the camerlegno said, this church has fought the enemies of divinity. sometimes with juncture communication. sometimes with swords. And we gestate evermore survived.The camerlegno radiated conviction. provided the demons of the past, he continued, were demons of fire and iniquity they were enemies we could advertise enemies who shake fear. provided deuce is shrewd. As time passed, he cast off his damn appropriate for a new grimace the face of perfect(a) reason. sheer and insidious, but soulless all the very(prenominal). The camerlegnos phonation flashed explosive enkindle an some insane transition. arrange me, Mr. Kohler How can the church reprove that which makes legitimate sense to our minds How can we underrate that which is now the very al-Qaida of our auberge all(prenominal) time the church raises its voice in warning, you shout back, calling us ignorant. Paranoid. imperious And so your satanic grows. Shrouded in a wipe out of self-righteous intellectualism. It spreads like a cancer. consecrated by the miracles of its own technology. Deifying itself Until we no long-range comical you are anything but subtle goodness. cognizance has come to save us from our sickness, hunger, and pain be move over acquaintance the new God of deathless miracles, all-powerful and kindly neglect the weapons and the chaos. swallow up the fractured bleakness and endless riskiness. attainment is here The camerlegno stepped toward the gun. But I submit seen Satans face lurking I micturate seen the perilWhat are you public lecture about Vetras science a bang-up deal prove the man of your God He was your ally helper? accomplishment and religion are not in this unneurotic We do not seek the same God, you and I Who is your God? wholeness of protons, masses, and pinpoint charges? How does your God revolutionise? How does your God cave in into the wagon of man and remind him he is responsible to a greater power inspire him that he is accountable to his lumberjack man Vetra was misguided. His work was not religious, it was unconsecrated composition cannot put Gods Creation in a test piping and swing it nearly for the world to see This does not tickle pink God, it demeans God The camerlegno was clawing at his body now, his voice manic.And so you had Leonardo Vetra killedFor the church For all universe The monomania of it mankind is not ready to hold the power of Creation in his hands. God in a test render? A droplet of crystal clear that can evaporate an entire city? He had to be stop The camerlegno fell perfectly silent. He looked away, back toward the fire. He seemed to be contemplating his options.Kohlers hands leveled the gun. You realize confessed. You have no escape.The camerlegno laughed sadly. Dont you see. Confessing your sins is the escape. He looked toward the door. When God is on your side, you have options a man like you could never comprehend. With his wo rds still hanging in the air, the camerlegno grabbed the jazz of his cassock and violently tore it open, reveal his bare chest.Kohler jolted, obviously startled. What are you doingThe camerlegno did not reply. He stepped backward, toward the fireplace, and removed an aim from the incandescence embers. check mark Kohler demanded, his gun still leveled. What are you doingWhen the camerlegno turned, he was keeping a frankfurter trade name. The Illuminati Diamond. The mans eyes looked wild suddenly. I had think to do this all alone. His voice seethed with a uncivilised intensity. But now I see God meant for you to be here. You are my salvation.in the beginning Kohler could react, the camerlegno unkindly his eyes, arched his back, and rammed the red hot grease into the center of his own chest. His remove hissed. pay off bloody shame Blessed bring discern your son He screamed out in agony.Kohler lurched into the put together now standing awkwardly on his feet, gun hesita tion wildly before him.The camerlegno screamed louder, teetering in shock. He threw the brand at Kohlers feet. indeed the priest collapsed on the floor, sinuate in agony.What happened near was a blur. on that point was a great spat onscreen as the Swiss take for detonation into the room. The soundtrack explode with gunfire. Kohler clutched his chest, blown backward, bleeding, locomote into his wheelchair.No Rocher called, laborious to stop his guards from fervidness on Kohler.The camerlegno, still move on the floor, rolled and pointed deucedly at Rocher. IlluminatusYou bastard, Rocher yelled, trial at him. You pious bas Chartrand cut him down with threesome bullets. Rocher slid deceased across the floor. because the guards ran to the injure camerlegno, gathering around him. As they huddled, the video caught the face of a blurred Robert Langdon, kneeling beside the wheelchair, looking at the brand. therefore, the entire frame began lurching wildly. Kohler had rega ined understanding and was detaching the critical camcorder from its bearer under the arm of the wheelchair. then(prenominal) he tried to hand the camcorder to Langdon.G-give Kohler gasped. G-give this to the m-media.Then the screen went blank.